Polymethyloctilsiloxane Adsorbed On Porous Silica As A Packing Material For Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Packing material having 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% loadings of polymethyloctilsiloxane on porous silica particles have been prepared and tested. Solvent extraction tests, measurements of physical properties and determinations of chromatographic parameters show that an initial loading of 40% gives a packing material with satisfactory chromatographic properties.Packing material having 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% loadings of polymethyloctilsiloxane on porous silica particles have been prepared and tested. Solvent extraction tests, measurements of physical properties and determinations of chromatographic parameters show that an initial loading of 40% gives a packing material with satisfactory chromatographic properties.1761265127

Determination Of Bentazon Residues In Water By High-performance Liquid Chromatography. Validation Of The Method

A method for determination of bentazon residues in water has been developed. The method involves solid-phase extraction with C18 extraction tubes and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. A C18 column and guard column were used with UV detection at 230 nm, a mobile phase of methanol-water (60:40, v/v) at pH 4.6 (phosphoric acid) and a flow-rate of 0.8 ml/min. After optimization of the extraction and separation conditions, the method was validated. The method developed can be used for determination of bentazon in water, within the international limits of 0.1 μg/l, with a 500-fold pre-concentration.8461-2369374Knuteson, M., Nilvé, G., Mathiasson, L., Jonson, J.A., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 754, p. 197Hogendoorn, E.A., Hoogerbrugge, R., Baumann, R.A., Meiring, H.D., De Jong, A.P.I.M., Van Zoonen, P., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 754, p. 49Hartrík, S., Tekel, J., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 733, p. 217Dean, J.R., Wade, G., Barnabas, I.J., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 733, p. 295Aguilar, C., Borrull, F., Marcé, R.M., (1996) Chromatographia, 43, p. 592Rodolino, S., Giovinazzo, R., Mosconi, M., (1997) Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 38, p. 644Chiron, S., Martinez, E., Barceló, D., (1994) J. Chromatogr. a, 665, p. 283Tolosa, I., Readman, J.W., Mee, L.D., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 725, p. 93Aguilar, C., Borrull, F., Marcé, R.M., (1996) LC·GC, 14, p. 1048Hidalgo, C., Sancho, J.V., Hernández, F., (1997) Anal. Chim. Acta, 338, p. 223Balinova, A., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 754, p. 125Junker-Buchneit, A., Witzenbacher, M., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 737, p. 67Liska, I., Slobodník, J., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 733, p. 235Gokmen, V., Acar, J., (1996) J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 19, p. 1917Kim, H.S., Lee, S.K., Lee, D.W., (1997) J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 20, p. 871Orinák, A., Holovská, K., Budínská, V., (1991) Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 339, p. 436Durand, G., Bouvot, V., Barceló, D., (1992) J. Chromatogr., 607, p. 319Chiron, S., Papilloud, S., Haerdi, W., Barceló, D., (1995) Anal. Chem., 67, p. 1637Kearney, P.C., Kaufman, D.D., (1969) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degradation and Mode of Action, 2nd Ed., , Marcel Dekker, New York(1974) Herbicide Handbook, 3rd Ed., , WSSA Herbicide Handbook Committee Weed Science Society of AmericaAlmeida, F.S., Rodrigues, B.N., (1988) Guias de Herbicidas, 2nd., , Livroceres, Londrina 603 ppCauson, R., (1997) J. Chromatogr. B, 689, p. 175Francotte, E., Davatz, A., Richert, R., (1996) J. Chromatogr. B, 686, p. 77Silva, G.M.F., Jardim, I.C.S.F., Seleção de Fase Móvel para Separação de Herbicidas, por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), em Amostras de Água (1998) 7th Latin-American Congress on Chromatography and Related Techniques, p. 202. , March Águas de São Pedrro, SP, Brazil, Abstr. P189(1997) Roteiro para Validação de Metodologia Analítica Visando a Determinação de Resíduos de Pesticidas, , Laboratório Vegetal do Ministério da Agricultura, GARP, ANDEF, versão

Use Of Solid-phase Extraction And High-performance Liquid Chromatography For The Determination Of Triazine Residues In Water: Validation Of The Method

A method for determination of some triazine residues in water has been developed. The method involves concentration with C18 solid-phase extraction cartridges followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis using a C18 column with UV detection at 230 nm, a mobile phase of methanol-water (60:40, v/v) at pH 4.6 (phosphoric acid) and a flow-rate of 0.8 ml/min. After optimization of the extraction and separation conditions, the method was validated. The method can be used for determination of atrazine, simazine, cyanazine and ametryn in water, within the international limits of 0.1 μg/l. Copyright (C) 2000.86901/02/15463469Dean, J.R., Wade, G., Barnabas, I.J., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 733, p. 295Pacáková, V., Stulík, J., Jiskra, J., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 754, p. 17Pacáková, V., Stulik, K., Prikoda, M., (1988) J. Chromatogr., 442, p. 147Hidalgo, C., Sancho, J.V., Hernández, F., (1997) Anal. Chim. Acta, 338, p. 223Knutsson, M., Nilvé, G., Mathiasson, L., Jonsson, J.A., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 754, p. 197Hartrík, S., Tekel, J., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 733, p. 217Tolosa, I., Readman, J.W., Mee, L.D., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 725, p. 93Aguilar, C., Borrull, F., Marcé, R.M., (1996) LC·GC, 14, p. 1048Balinova, A., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 754, p. 125Junker-Buchneit, A., Witzenbacher, M., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 737, p. 67Barceló, D., (1993) J. Chromatogr., 643, p. 117Sherma, J., (1995) Anal. Chem., 67, pp. 1RLiska, I., Slobodník, J., (1996) J. Chromatogr. a, 733, p. 235Aguilar, C., Borrull, F., Marcé, R.M., (1996) Chromatographia, 43, p. 592Gokmen, V., Acar, J., (1996) J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 19, p. 1917Kim, H.S., Lee, S.K., Lee, D.W., (1997) J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 20, p. 871Hernández, F., Hidalgo, C., Sancho, J.V., Lopes, F.J., (1998) Anal. Chem., 70, p. 3322Sacchero, G., Apone, S., Sarzanini, C., Mentasti, E., (1994) J. Chromatogr. a, 668, p. 365Chiron, S., Alba, A.F., Barceló, D., (1993) Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, p. 2352Chiron, S., Papilloud, S., Haerdi, W., Barceló, D., (1995) Anal. Chem., 67, p. 1637Causon, R., (1997) J. Chromatogr. B, 689, p. 175Francotte, E., Davatz, A., Richert, R., (1996) J. Chromatogr. B, 686, p. 77Bressolle, F., Bromet-Petit, M., Audran, M., (1996) J. Chromatogr. B, 686, p. 3Quattrochi, O.A., De Andrizzi, S.I.A., Laba, R.F., (1992) Introducción a la HPLC - Aplicación Y Práctica, pp. 301-328. , Buenos Aires: Artes Gráficas FarroFont, G., Mañes, J., Moltó, J.C., Picó, Y., (1993) J. Chromatogr., 642, p. 135Pinto, G.M.F., Jardim, I.C.S.F., (1999) J. Chromatogr. a, 846, p. 369(1997) Roteiro para Validação de Metodologia Analítica Visando a Determinação de Resíduos de Pesticidas, , Laboratório Vegetal do Ministério da Agricultura, GARP, ANDEF, versão 1(1974) Herbicide Handbook 3rd Edition, , New York: Weed Science Society of AmericaAlmeida, F.S., Rodrigues, B.N., (1988) Guias de Herbicidas 2nd Edition, , Londrina: LivroceresKaufmann, P.C., Kearney, D.D., (1969) Herbicides: Chemistry, Degradation and Mode of Action 2nd Edition, , New York: Marcel Dekke

Comparison Of Different Sorbents In The Quechers Method For The Determination Of Pesticide Residues In Strawberries By Lc–ms/ms

A comparison of sample preparation based on the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method for analysis of pesticide residues in strawberries by LC–MS/MS was made using different sorbents in the clean-up by dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). Some sorbents were laboratory-made, prepared by depositing poly(methyloctadecylsiloxane) (PMODS), poly(methyloctylsiloxane) (PMOS), aminopropyl-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (APPS) and copolymer of (52–48 %)dimethyl-(48–52 %)methylphenyl-siloxane (DMMPS) onto silica supports. The commercial sorbent primary–secondary amine (PSA) and mixtures of two sorbents, primary–secondary amine and poly(methyloctadecylsiloxane), were also used in the experiments. The performances of the sorbents were evaluated by parameters such as color of the final extract, gravimetric measurement, recovery and matrix effect at the fortification level of 100 ng g−1 of the pesticide mixture in strawberries. The recoveries were in the range 70–120 %, and the RSD values were lower than 20 % for most of the pesticides using the modified QuEChERS method with different sorbents in the clean-up step. The strawberry extracts were cleaned more efficiently with the use of primary–secondary amine sorbent, which has the function of removing sugars, organic acids and especially pigments. The sample preparation method was efficient, and LC–MS/MS determination was optimal because of high selectivity and good detectivity for the multiresidue analyses.7719-2012911298Häkkinen, S.H., Törrönen, A.R., (2000) Food Res Int, 33, pp. 517-524Seeram, N.P., Lee, R., Scheuller, H.S., Heber, D., (2006) Food Chem, 97, pp. 1-11. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlWhsbjKGiménez, G., Andriolo, J., Godoi, R., (2008) Cienc Rural, 38, pp. 273-279Agrotóxicos e Toxicologia (2013) Programa de Análise de Resíduos de Agrotóxicos em Alimentos, , http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/wps/portal/anvisa/homeOshita, D., Jardim, I.C.S.F., (2012) Sci Chromatogr, 4, pp. 52-76Hu, R., Hennion, B., Urruty, L., Montury, M., (1999) Food Addit Contam A, 16 (3), pp. 111-117. , COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK1Mvit1eksw%3D%3DPico, Y., Blasco, C., Font, G., (2004) Mass Spectrom Rev, 23, pp. 45-85. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlsVCisA%3D%3DKmellár, B., Abrankó, L., Fodor, P., Lehotay, S.J., (2010) Food Addit Contam A, 27 (10), pp. 1415-1430Hollosi, L., Mittendorf, K., Senyuva, H.Z., (2012) Chromatographia, 75, pp. 1377-1393. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhslansb%2FJWilkowska, A., Biziuk, M., (2011) Food Chem, 125, pp. 803-812. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlygsLbELambropoulou, D.A., Albanis, T.A., (2007) Anal Bioanal Chem, 389, pp. 1663-1683. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlyhur7NAnastassiades, M., Lehotay, S.J., Stajnbaher, D., Schenck, F.J., (2003) J AOAC Int, 86 (2), pp. 412-431. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXivFOjsLc%3DLehotay, S.J., Son, K.A., Kwon, H., Koesukwiwat, U., Fu, W., Mastovska, K., Hoh, E., Leepipatpiboon, N., (2010) J Chromatogr A, 1217, pp. 2548-2560. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXktVWksL4%3Dhttp://www.chromatographyonline.com/lcgc/Column%3A+Sample+Prep+Perspectives/QuEChERS-An-Interview-with-the-Inventors/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/680292, Lehotay SJ, Anastassiades M, Majors RE (2010) LCGC N Am 28(7):504–516Koesukwiwat, U., Lehotay, S.J., Mastovska, K., Dorweiler, K.J., Leepipatpiboon, N., (2010) J Agric Food Chem, 58, pp. 5950-5958. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsF2js77FGonzalez-Curbelo, M.A., Hernandez-Borges, J., Ravelo-Perez, L.M., Rodriguez-Delgado, M.A., (2011) Food Chem, 125, pp. 1083-1090. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlygsLbMZhao, P., Wang, L., Luo, J., Li, J., Pan, C., (2012) J Sep Sci, 35, pp. 153-158. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFeqtL3PLiu, X., Guan, W., Hao, X., Wu, X., Ma, Y., Pan, C., (2014) Chromatographia, 77, pp. 31-37. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhs1eqtrbJJardim, I.C.S.F., Collins, K.E., Collins, C.H., (2004) Microchem J, 77, pp. 191-198. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlt1Wjsr0%3DJardim, I.C.S.F., Maldaner, L., Lourenço, J., Fioravanti, L.M.A., Collins, C.H., (2010) J Sep Sci, 33, pp. 2917-2929. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtleqtrnLGoraieb, K., Collins, C.H., (2013) Chromatographia, 76, pp. 899-908. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFOrsLfKPozzebon, J.M., Queiroz, S.C.N., Melo, L.F.C., Kapor, M.A., Jardim, I.C.S.F., (2003) J Chromatogr A, 987, pp. 381-387. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXptl2gtA%3D%3DMelo, L.F.C., Collins, C.H., Jardim, I.C.S.F., (2004) J Chromatogr A, 1032, pp. 51-58. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhslCisrk%3DVigna, C.R.M., Morais, L.S.R., Collins, C.H., Jardim, I.C.S.F., (2006) J Chromatogr A, 1114, pp. 211-215. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XktVyisrc%3DFaria, A.M., Maldaner, L., Santana, C.C., Jardim, I.C.S.F., Collins, C.H., (2007) Anal Chim Acta, 582, pp. 34-40. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlartL7LMelo, L.F.C., Collins, C.H., Jardim, I.C.S.F., (2005) J Chromatogr A, 1073, pp. 75-81. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjsVegtLk%3Dhttp://quechers.cvua-stuttgart.de/pdf/reality.pdf, CVUA Stuttgart, QuEChERS: a mini-multiresidue method for the analysis of pesticide residues in low-fat products. 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Development Of C8 Stationary Phases Immobilized By γ Radiation On Zirconized Silica For High-performance Liquid Chromatographic Applications

Modification of 10 μm irregular silica with zirconium, followed by poly(methyloctylsiloxane) coating and γ irradiation may overcome limitations presented by silica supports used for preparing reversed phases. Irradiated modified stationary phases showed better chromatographic performance than unmodified silica phases. An increase in efficiency values and excellent peak symmetries for a test mixture of neutral compounds was obtained. The analysis of a basic mixture also presented peaks with good resolution, efficiency and symmetry. These results can be attributed to a less active support as well as poly(methyloctylsiloxane) chain cross-linking, giving stationary phases with better retention capability and columns with high chromatographic performance. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V.8451-2423431Berthod, A., (1991) J. Chromatogr., 549, p. 1Unger, K.K., (1986) Porous Silica, Its Properties and Use As Support in Column Liquid Chromatography, , Elsevier, Amsterdam, New YorkPoole, C.F., Poole, S.K., (1991) Chromatography Today, , Elsevier, AmsterdamTrüdinger, U., Müller, G., Unger, K.K., (1990) J. Chromatogr., 535, p. 111Rigney, M.P., Weber, T.P., Carr, P.W., (1989) J. Chromatogr., 484, p. 273Reeder, D.H., Li, J., Carr, P.W., Flickinger, M.C., McCormick, A.V., (1997) J. Chromatogr. A, 760, p. 71Li, J., Carr, P.W., (1997) Anal. Chem., 69, p. 2202Li, J., Carr, P.W., (1997) Anal. Chem., 69, p. 2193Weber, T.P., Carr, P.W., Funkenbusch, E.F., (1990) J. Chromatogr., 519, p. 31Yu, J., El Rassi, Z., (1993) J. Chromatogr., 631, p. 91Yu, J., El Rassi, Z., (1993) J. Liq. Chromatogr., 16, p. 2931Li, J., Carr, P.W., (1996) Anal. Chem., 68, p. 2857Chicz, R.M., Shi, Z., Regnier, F.E., (1986) J. Chromatogr., 359, p. 121Peixoto, C.R.M., Gushikem, Y., Baccan, N., (1992) Analyst, 117, p. 1029Gushikem, Y., Peixoto, C.R.M., Kubota, L.T., (1991) New Developments in Ion-Exchange Materials. Fundamentals and Applications, p. 607. , in: M. Abe, T. Kataoka, T. Suzuki (Eds.), Kodasha-Elsevier, TokyoPeixoto, C.R.M., Kubota, L.T., Gushikem, Y., (1995) Anal. Proc. Anal. Commun., 32, p. 503Da Silva, M.C.H., Jardim, I.C.S.F., (1998) J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 21, p. 2447Anazawa, T.A., Jardim, I.C.S.F., (1998) J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 21, p. 645Anazawa, T.A., Jardim, I.C.S.F., (1994) J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 17, p. 1265Brunauer, S., Emmett, P.H., Teller, E., (1938) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, p. 30

Characterization Of A New Stationary Phase Based On Microwave Immobilized Polybutadiene On Titanium Oxide-modified Silica

Titanium oxide-modified silica was prepared by reaction of silica with titanium tetrabutoxide and then was used as support in the preparation of stationary phases with self-immobilized polybutadiene (PBD) and PBD immobilized through microwave radiation. Chromatographic performance of the stationary phases was evaluated in terms of the efficiency (plates/m), asymmetry (A s), retention factor (k) and resolution (Rs) of two standard sample mixtures, one of then containing the basic compound N,N-dimethylaniline. A microwave irradiation of 30 min at 520 W gave the best efficiency (86,500 N m-1), greater than that of a 6-day self immobilized phase (69,500 N m-1). Self-immobilized stationary phases prepared with bare silica were also studied for comparison. These resulted in lower chromatographic performance, 43,800 N m-1, when compared to the self-immobilized phase prepared with titanized silica. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. 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Microwave-immobilized Polybutadiene Stationary Phase For Reversed-phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography

Polybutadiene (PBD) has been immobilized on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) silica by microwave radiation at various power levels (52-663W) and actuation times (3-60min). Columns prepared from these reversed-phase HPLC materials, as well as from similar non-irradiated materials, were tested with standard sample mixtures and characterized by elemental analysis (%C) and infrared spectroscopy. A microwave irradiation of 20min at 663W gives a layer of immobilized PBD that presented good performance. Longer irradiation times give thicker immobilized layers having less favorable chromatographic properties. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.10301-2225229Giesche, H., Unger, K.K., Esser, U., Eray, B., Trüdinger, U., Kinkel, J.N., (1989) J. Chromatogr., 465, p. 39Cheng, Y., Walter, T.H., Lu, Z., Iraneta, P., Alden, B.A., Genderau, C., Neue, U.D., Fisk, R.P., (2000) LG GC, 18, p. 1163Silva, R.B., Collins, K.E., Collins, C.H., (2000) J. Chromatogr. A, 869, p. 137Ascah, T.L., Kallury, K.M.L., Szafranski, C.A., Corman, S.D., Lui, F., (1996) J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 19, p. 3049O'gara, J.E., Walsh, D.P., Phoebe, C.H.Jr., Alden, B.A., Bouvier, E.S.P., Iraneta, P.C., Capparella, M., Walter, T.H., (2001) LC GC, 19, p. 632Silva, C.R., Jardim, I.C.S.F., Airoldi, C., (2003) J. Chromatogr. A, 987, p. 139Pursch, M., Vanderhart, D.L., Sander, L.C., Gu, X., Nguyen, T., Wise, S.A., Gajewski, D.A., (2000) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122, p. 6997Dai, J., Yang, X., Carr, P.W., (2003) J. Chromatogr. A, 1005, p. 63Li, J., Carr, P.W., (1996) Anal. Chem., 68, p. 2857Li, J., Carr, P.W., (1996) Anal. Chim. Acta, 334, p. 239Li, J., Carr, P.W., (1997) Anal. Chem., 69, p. 2193Reeder, D.H., Li, J., Carr, P.W., Flickinger, M.C., Mccormick, A.V., (1997) J. Chromatogr. A, 760, p. 71Li, J., Reeder, D.H., Mccormick, A.V., Carr, P.W., (1997) J. Chromatogr. A, 791, p. 45Li, J., Hu, Y., Carr, P.W., (1997) Anal. Chem., 69, p. 3884Kurganov, A., Trüdinger, U., Isaeva, T., Unger, K., (1996) Chromatographia, 42, p. 217Pesek, J.J., Tang, V.H., (1994) Chromatographia, 39, p. 649Winkler, J., Marmé, S., (2000) J. Chromatogr. A, 888, p. 51Pesek, J.J., Matyska, M.T., (2002) J. Chromatogr. A, 952, p. 1Garbow, J.R., Asrar, J., Hardiman, C.J., (1993) Chem. Mater., 5, p. 869Hanson, M., Unger, K.K., (1990) J. Chromatogr., 517, p. 269Neimark, A.V., Hanson, M., Unger, K.K., (1993) J. Phys. Chem., 97, p. 6011Hanson, M., Eray, B., Unger, K.K., Neimark, A.V., Schmid, J., Albert, K., Bayer, E., (1993) Chromatographia, 35, p. 403Lopes, N.P., Collins, K.E., Jardim, I.C.S.F., (2003) J. Chromatogr. A, 987, p. 77Seferinoglu, M., Yurum, Y., (2001) Energy Sources, 22, p. 1Nasal, A., Haber, P., Kaliszan, R., Forgács, E., Cserháti, T., (1996) Chromatographia, 43, p. 484Forgács, E., Cserháti, T., (1998) J. Chromatogr. A, 797, p. 33Kurganov, A., Trüdinger, U., Isaeva, T., Unger, K.K., (1996) Chromatographia, 42, p. 217Zhao, J., Carr, P.W., (2000) Anal. Chem., 72, p. 302Mao, Y., Fung, B.M., (1997) J. Chromatogr. A, 790, p. 9Jardim, I.C.S.F., Collins, K.E., Anazawa, T.A., (1999) J. Chromatogr. A, 849, p. 299Tonhi, E., Collins, K.E., Collins, C.H., (2002) J. Chromatogr. A, 948, p. 109Tonhi, E., Collins, K.E., Collins, C.H., (2003) J. Chromatogr. A, 987, p. 93Schomburg, G., (1991) Trends Anal. Chem., 10, p. 163Nyholm, L.M., Markides, K.E., (1998) J. Chromatogr. A, 813, p. 11Collins, K.E., Sá, A.L.A., Bottoli, C.B.G., Collins, C.H., (2001) Chromatographia, 53, p. 661Bottoli, C.B.G., Collins, K.E., Collins, C.H., (2003) J. Chromatogr. A, 987, p. 87Bottoli, C.B.G., Chaudhry, Z.F., Fonseca, D.A., Collins, K.E., Collins, C.H., (2002) J. Chromatogr. A, 948, p. 121Silva, M.C.H., Jardim, I.C.S.F., (1998) J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 21, p. 2447Collins, K.E., Franchon, A.C., Jardim, I.C.S.F., Radovanovic, E., Gonçalves, M.C., (2000) LC-GC, 18, p. 106Kingston, H.M., Jassie, L.B., (1988) Introduction to Microwave Sample Preparation, Theory and Practice, , American Chemical Society, Washington, DCNava, D., Parada, T.R., González, E., Boscán, N., Cruz, C., (1996) Spectrochim. Acta A, 52, p. 1201Iler, L.B., (1979) The Chemistry of Silica, , Wiley, New YorkDe Paoli, M.A., (1983) J. Eur. Polym., 19, p. 761Iraqi, A., Cole-Hamilton, D.J., (1991) Polyhedrom, 10, p. 99

Capillary Electrochromatography: Contextualization, State-of-the-art And Perspectives [eletrocromatografia Capilar: Contextualização, Estado Da Arte E Perspectivas]

Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is a separation technique in which the mobile phase flow is based on the application of a voltage across a packed capillary, which generates an electroosmotic flow that transports the analytes along the capillary toward the detector. As it combines the separation mechanisms of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and of capillary electrophoresis (CE), CEC can be considered a hybrid of HPLC and CE. This review presents some fundamental aspects of CEC and is focused on the instrumental advances of the technique, such as column technology, operation modes and detection systems, presenting recent papers on these topics and some applications and perspectives about CEC.322431440Fracassi da Silva, J.A., Coltro, W.K.T., Carrilho, E., Tavares, M.F.M., (2007) Quim. Nova, 30, p. 740Klampfl, C.W., Buchberger, W., (2007) Anal. Bioanal. 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Methods Of Extraction And/or Concentration Of Compounds Found In Biological Fluids For Subsequent Chromatographic Determination [métodos De Extração E/ou Concentração De Compostos Encontrados Em Fluidos Biológicos Para Posterior Determinação Cromatográfica]

When organic compounds present in biological fluids are analysed by chromatographic methods, it is generally necessary to carry out a prior sample preparation due the high complexity of this type of sample, especially when the compounds to be determinated are found in very low concentrations. This article describes some of the principal methods for sample preparation in analyses of substances present in biological fluids. The methods include liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and extraction using solid and liquid membranes. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed.2416876Drummer, O.H., (1999) J. Chromatogr. B., 733, p. 27Polettini, A., (1999) J. Chromatogr. 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Preparation Of A Polybutadiene Stationary Phase Immobilized By γ Radiation For Reversed-phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography

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