Differences between study parameters.

<p>ABI = Ankle-Brachial Index; DR = Diabetic retinopathy; NDR = No diabetic retinopathy; NDS = Neuropathy Disability Score; NSS = Neuropathy Symptom Score; n.s. = non-significant (p>0.05)</p><p>Differences between study parameters.</p

Clinical and demographic data for all participants and for various subgroups (data presented as mean ± SD).

<p>ABI = Ankle-Brachial Index; DR = Diabetic retinopathy; NDR = No diabetic retinopathy; NDS = Neuropathy Disability Score; NSS = Neuropathy Symptom Score.</p><p>Clinical and demographic data for all participants and for various subgroups (data presented as mean ± SD).</p

Correlation of study parameters.

<p>** Correlation significant 0,01 (bilateral). * Correlation significant 0,05 (bilateral)</p

Representative cases.

<p>Case 1: 62-year-old male patient, DM duration 9 years, HbA_1c 6.5%, NDS 4 points; Wagner 1 (a), no signs of DR (b), normal SBP morphology (NFD = 0.011 μm/μm²) (c). Case 2: 62-year-old female patient, DM duration 7 years, HbA_1c 9.4%, NDS 5 points; Wagner 2 (d), advanced non-proliferative DR (e), moderate decrease in confocal SBP parameters (NFD = 0.010 μm/μm²) (f). Case 3: 44-year-old female patient, DM duration 9 years, HbA_1c 11%, NDS 9 points; Wagner 5 (g), proliferative DR with retinal detachment (h), moderate decrease in confocal SBP parameters (NFD = 0.011 μm/μm²) (i). Case 4: 59-year-old female patient, DM duration 31 years, HbA_1c 10.4%, NDS 6 points; Wagner 0 (k), proliferative DR (l), moderate decrease in confocal SBP parameters (NFD = 0.008 μm/μm²) (m). Case 5: 58-year-old female patient, DM duration 12 years, HbA_1c 8.2%, NDS 5 points; Wagner 5 (n), no signs of DR (o), normal SBP morphology (NFD = 0.014 μm/μm²) (p)</p

Tropical Data: Approach and Methodology as Applied to Trachoma Prevalence Surveys

Population-based prevalence surveys are essential for decision-making on interventions to achieve trachoma elimination as a public health problem. This paper outlines the methodologies of Tropical Data, which supports work to undertake those surveys. Tropical Data is a consortium of partners that supports health ministries worldwide to conduct globally standardised prevalence surveys that conform to World Health Organization recommendations. Founding principles are health ministry ownership, partnership and collaboration, and quality assurance and quality control at every step of the survey process. Support covers survey planning, survey design, training, electronic data collection and fieldwork, and data management, analysis and dissemination. Methods are adapted to meet local context and needs. Customisations, operational research and integration of other diseases into routine trachoma surveys have also been supported. Between 29th February 2016 and 24th April 2023, 3373 trachoma surveys across 50 countries have been supported, resulting in 10,818,502 people being examined for trachoma. This health ministry-led, standardised approach, with support from the start to the end of the survey process, has helped all trachoma elimination stakeholders to know where interventions are needed, where interventions can be stopped, and when elimination as a public health problem has been achieved. Flexibility to meet specific country contexts, adaptation to changes in global guidance and adjustments in response to user feedback have facilitated innovation in evidence-based methodologies, and supported health ministries to strive for global disease control targets.</p