Media portrayal of old age and its effects on attitudes in older people : findings from a series of studies

Mass media portrayal of old age plays a great role in social perceptions of aging. However, there are hardly any empirical findings on the effects on recipients or to what extent this can change attitudes, especially amongst older people. Three types of media portrayals of old age in German news magazines were determined and used as stimulus material. In 2020, 910 participants (from 60 years) were confronted with different age frames in the course of a quasi-experimental survey. In order to substantiate the results, in 2022, 36 focused interviews were conducted with older people each of whom was presented with an age frame. This article links the central findings of both studies, with a focus on the qualitative study. The survey results showed that presenting a negative age frame led to an improvement in the self-image of old age whereas the public image of old age deteriorated significantly. After presenting a positive frame, the public image improved greatly while the self-image decreased. The interviews confirm these results. Type of reaction upon reception of the negative age frame varied between approval and clear signs of consternation. However, interviewees did not relate with the older people portrayed with personal aging often felt to be at odds with the portrayal of age shown. The positive frame was first received with pleasure and curiosity. Even so, interviewees became unsettled about how ‘modern’ aging is portrayed, some of them showing insecurity that they could not fulfil the characteristics and requirements of ‘modern’ aging. Media portrayal of age seems not to have the effects on older people as might be expected. Negative effects appear such as media portrayal making older recipients aware of their own age by presenting age in an exaggeratedly positive light in the “best agers” frame. In view of these results, the theory of social comparison processes may be used by which the media provides recipients with standards of comparison

Promotion of exercise and health for older people in primary care : a qualitative study on the potential, experiences and strategies of general practitioners in Germany

In advanced age, physical activity becomes an important element in maintaining one’s individual health. GPs are considered to be well suited for advising and attending to older patients according to the principles of (preventive) healthcare. The subject was examined in the context of a study that determined options for action, experiences and strategies relating to the physical activation of older patients by GPs. Between 2021 and 2022, 76 semi-standardised interviews amongst GPs were conducted in all federal states of Germany. The data were evaluated by qualitative content analysis. The category system includes: importance of promoting physical activity; focus of exercise counselling; procedure of counselling; overview of exercise offers and cooperation with healthcare stakeholders; challenges and optimisation approaches. Many interviewees were aware of the significance of promoting health and exercise among older persons. Some physicians paid attention to identifying suitable activities for patients and motivating them to participate on a long-term basis. Cooperations with local health stakeholders have been identified. The interviewees recognised various challenges, which were mainly attributable to the lack of structures for health promotion. Several of the GPs lacked an overview of the physical activity programmes. GPs should assume an active role in exercise and health promotion for older patients. For them to be able to refer their patients effectively to exercise opportunities offered, it will be of importance to integrate the GP setting into a community-based network of prevention. Training measures could support the GP team to refer to the value of physical activity and address need-based recommendations

Attitudes and experiences of registered diabetes specialists in using health apps for managing type 2 diabetes : results from a mixed-methods study in Germany 2021/2022

Background Hardly any area of application for health apps is seen to be as promising as health and lifestyle support in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Research has emphasised the benefits of such mHealth apps for disease prevention, monitoring, and management, but there is still a lack of empirical data on the role that health apps play in actual type 2 diabetes care. The aim of the present study was to gain an overview of the attitudes and experiences of physicians specialising in diabetes with regard to the benefits of health apps for type 2 diabetes prevention and management. Methods An online survey was conducted amongst all 1746 physicians at practices specialised in diabetes in Germany between September 2021 and April 2022. A total of 538 (31%) of the physicians contacted participated in the survey. In addition, qualitative interviews were conducted with 16 randomly selected resident diabetes specialists. None of the interviewees took part in the quantitative survey. Results Resident diabetes specialists saw a clear benefit in type 2 diabetes-related health apps, primarily citing improvements in empowerment (73%), motivation (75%), and compliance (71%). Respondents rated self-monitoring for risk factors (88%), lifestyle-supporting (86%), and everyday routine features (82%) as especially beneficial. Physicians mainly in urban practice environments were open to apps and their use in patient care despite their potential benefit. Respondents expressed reservations and doubts on app user-friendliness in some patient groups (66%), privacy in existing apps (57%), and the legal conditions of using apps in patient care (80%). Of those surveyed, 39% felt capable of advising patients on diabetes-related apps. Most of the physicians that had already used apps in patient care saw positive effects in increased compliance (74%), earlier detection of or reduction in complications (60%), weight reduction (48%), and decreased HbA1c levels (37%). Conclusions Resident diabetes specialists saw a real-life benefit with added value from health apps for managing type 2 diabetes. Despite the favourable role that health apps may play in disease prevention and management, many physicians expressed reservations regarding usability, transparency, security, and privacy in such apps. These concerns should be addressed more intensively towards bringing about ideal conditions for integrating health apps successfully in diabetes care. This includes uniform standards governing quality, privacy, and legal conditions as binding as possible with regard to apps and their use in a clinical setting

What requirements do primary care physicians have with regard to dementia diagnostics and dementia care? : A survey study among general practitioners in Germany 2022/2023

Background General practice offers good conditions to detect and provide care for dementia-related diseases. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of dementia care in general practice is repeatedly criticised. To date, few studies have attempted to form a comprehensive picture of the status quo of dementia care in general practice that focuses on GP perspectives of experience and action. The aim of this study was to identify potential strengths and weaknesses of GP-based dementia care, by means of combined consideration of relevant care and treatment dimensions (construct of ‘dementia sensitivity’). Methods Through an online poll, a total of 4,511 GPs who are active as treatment providers in Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland were surveyed between September 2022 and January 2023. In addition to the descriptive analysis, a T-test with independent samples was used to identify significant differences between two groups (interval-scaled or metric variables). Pearson’s chi-squared test (χ2) was used to analyze the percentage values. Two levels of significance were tested for (mean difference at p < 0.05 and p < 0.001). In the course of the analysis, there were particular differences with regard to the sociodemographic variables ‘urban vs. rural doctors’ and ‘doctors with geriatric training vs. doctors with no geriatric training’. Therefore, a complete listing of these parameters is given in the tables. In addition, the factor analysis method was employed. Results The respondents consider it important for GPs to provide care and support for dementia patients. The doctors express the desire to offer active support to patients and their family caregivers. At the same time, many GPs experience challenges and difficulties when it comes to practical diagnostic steps (in line with guidelines), the (early) identification of dementia and consistent disease management, including the anticipation of care and treatment needs. Moreover, it appears that a significant proportion of the sample has only limited confidence when it comes to review relevant help and support services. One consistent finding is that some doctors in urban practices who also have geriatric training show substantial increases in knowledge and information with regard to dementia care. Conclusions In the light of the findings, it seems particularly advisable to strengthen the geriatric competence of GPs. Moreover, it seems to be essential to ensure that they are better informed about cooperation and support structures in the area of dementia care and better integrated into these

How are people with obesity managed in primary care? : Results of a qualitative, exploratory study in Germany 2022

Background Counselling and management of overweight and obesity are tasks for which general practitioners possess favourable qualifications. Based on a long-term doctor-patient relationship, GPs have various options for actions to deal with overweight problems. To date, however, there is only little evidence on the experiences which people with obesity have made with the primary physician model and the care needs and wishes they actually address to their GPs. This study investigated what experiences people with obesity have had with GP care and what care needs and wishes they communicated to their GPs. The results will be used to derive starting points for optimising the primary healthcare setting. Methods A total of 32 individuals affected by obesity were recruited over 24 online health forums. With them, we conducted qualitative interviews in the time between April and October 2022. Results The respondents considered the primary care physician to be the central contact person when they sought advice and support with weight problems. The advice of the GP was associated with an increased willingness to deal with reducing one’s own weight. Despite this positive perception, widespread drawbacks existed from the perspective of the respondents: (1) incidental or late discovery of obesity, (2) absence of continuous weight counselling, (3) no agreement on specific weight reduction goals, (4) no referrals to help and support services, (5) insensitive discussion. Only some of the respondents who have recently been able to reduce their weight sustainably attributed their success primarily to the support they received from their GP. Conclusion GPs should be encouraged to address obesity consistently and promptly. In addition, concrete recommendations and realistic goals for weight loss should be formulated. Continuous and motivating discussions are crucial in this regard. A focus on nutrition and exercise counselling in the GP’s office should also be encouraged. GPs should be strengthened in their role as mediators by integrating their patients into a network of further assistance as needed. The development of care structures for obesity management should be promoted

How can primary care be secured in the long term? : A qualitative study from the perspective of general practitioners in Germany

Background Securing primary care is an important issue for health policy. Given a threatened shortage of GPs in Germany, there are discussions about what actions to take to guarantee primary care. Objectives The aim was to obtain opinions of German GPs towards (a) the status quo and development of primary care, (b) favoured actions to secure it and (c) assessment of the actions taken. Methods In 2021 and 2022, 96 semi-structured interviews (criterion sampling) amongst GPs were conducted in all German federal states (41 face-to-face, 32 by telephone, 23 via telecommunication application). The data was analysed according to qualitative content analysis. Additionally, a short questionnaire recorded the problem of GP shortage. Results Many interviewees fear a veritable shortage of GPs in the future. They identify structural problems linked to the health care system. The interviewees suggested creating a primary care physician system or upgrading the GP position. They proposed greater support of interests about general practice in education and training, a restructuring of curricula and admissions criteria in higher medical education and reforming GP training. Building up multi-professional outpatient care centres and strengthening task shifting are valuable. The interviewees have observed progress in ensuring primary care but see a need for further action. Conclusion The study has shown that GPs, from their perspective and experience, make specific suggestions to ensure primary care in the long term. Consequently, it is advisable to consider their points of view when planning, implementing and adjusting steps to strengthen primary care

Family caregivers in primary care : a survey of German general practitioners on procedures and problems experienced in day‑to‑day practice

Background By providing both assistance and support, GPs can play a central role for family caregivers. By catering to the needs of caregivers, they are capable of stabilising in-home care settings over the long term. The aim of the present study is to provide a status quo analysis of how GPs assess their options for supporting individuals providing care, as well as the focal points set by their practice, and their estimation of obstacles and challenges encountered in day-to-day practice. Method An online questionnaire was used to survey a total of 5112 GPs in North Rhine-Westphalia between April and November 2022 (response quota: 46%). A heterogeneous random sample was obtained (58% male, 42% female; aver age age: 57; 50% medium-sized town/city practice, 50% rural/small town practice). To determine signifcant diferences between two groups, a t-test was used with independent random samples. Answers to free-form questions were analysed using a subsequent coding based on a qualitative content analysis. Findings A total of 70% of respondents have frequent contact with family caregivers. Some 79% consider GPs to be well-suited to the role of primary contact point for caregivers and coordinating care. GP-carer support relationships typically arise as a result of caregivers approaching GPs (90%). Topics frequently addressed involve a worsening of the care situation (77%) and changes in the care needed (86%); consultations in the initial phase of the care situation are less common (44%). While respondents perceive a complex constellation of needs on the part of family caregivers, dif ferences in priorities are observable between GPs in urban and rural environments (involvement of consultant/support network versus proactive and psychosocial assistance). GPs experience a wide range of challenges in providing assistance to caregivers, including the timely organisation of appropriate relief programmes (87%), referring caregivers to suitable help services (80%) or the early identifcation of informal caregivers (60%). Discussion In order to strengthen the GP role, the practice team should talk to caregivers as early as possible, and refer them to suitable help and support programmes. To achieve efective support for successful care, it is important to cater equally to the needs of the persons giving and receiving care as part of the caregiver-care receiver-GP triad

Factors influencing general practitioners’ perception of and attitude towards dementia diagnostics and care : results of a survey among primary care physicians in Germany

Studies have shown that primary care is not always effective when it comes to caring for people with dementia. In addition, general practitioners do not always use diagnostic instruments consistently. The aim of the study was to identify relevant factors that influence general practitioners’ attitudes and willingness with respect to consistent diagnosis and care. For this purpose, resources, viewpoints, and behavioral patterns of general practitioners with regard to dementia diagnostics as well as common challenges in everyday practice were recorded. In the course of a survey, a total of 2266 general practitioners in Hesse and Baden-Württemberg were interviewed between January and March 2020. In addition to the descriptive analysis, a t-test was used to determine significant differences between two groups. A univariate linear regression analysis was carried out to identify possible influencing factors. 81% of the respondents do provide dementia diagnostics; 51% are involved in the treatment. Most of them see the diagnostic work-up (77%), communication and compliance problems (73%), as well as the therapeutic support (71%) as common challenges. In addition, there are interface problems regarding the interdisciplinary cooperation. Some of the respondents express doubts about the value of early detection (41%). The general practitioners’ attitude with respect to dementia diagnostics and care is determined by influencing factors that relate to geriatric competencies, expectations of self-efficacy, the integration of practice staff, as well as the knowledge of and cooperation with counseling and care services. It seems advisable to strengthen the geriatric competence of general practitioners. Moreover, it appears essential to educate general practitioners more about support structures in the field of dementia care and to integrate them accordingly. In addition, practice staff should be more systematically involved in the identification and care of dementia patients.Studien haben gezeigt, dass die hausärztliche Demenzversorgung Mängel aufweist und Allgemeinmediziner beim Einsatz diagnostischer Verfahren nicht immer konsequent agieren. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, relevante Faktoren zu identifizieren, die die Einstellung und Bereitschaft zur Demenzdiagnostik und -versorgung beeinflussen. Dazu wurden Ressourcen, Haltungen und Verhaltensweisen von Hausärzten in Bezug auf die Demenzdiagnostik sowie im Praxisalltag verbreitete Hausforderungen erfasst. Im Zuge einer schriftlichen Befragung wurden zwischen Januar und März 2020 insgesamt 2266 Hausärzte in Hessen und Baden-Württemberg befragt. Neben der deskriptiven Analyse kam zur Feststellung von signifikanten Unterschieden zwischen 2 Gruppen ein t‑Test bei unabhängigen Stichproben zum Einsatz. Zur Identifizierung möglicher Einflussfaktoren wurde eine univariate lineare Regressionsanalyse durchgeführt. Eine Demenzdiagnostik bieten 81 % der Befragten an; 51 % sind bei der Therapie eingebunden. Als verbreitete Herausforderungen werden neben diagnostischer Abklärung (77 %) kommunikative und Compliance-Probleme (73 %) sowie therapeutische Begleitung (71 %) genannt. Zudem kommt es in der interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit zu Schnittstellenproblemen. Ein Teil der Befragten bringt Zweifel am Wert einer Früherkennung zum Ausdruck (41 %). Die hausärztliche Einstellung in Bezug auf die Demenzversorgung wird durch Einflussfaktoren mitbestimmt, die sich auf geriatrische Kompetenzen, Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen, die Integration des Praxispersonals sowie die Kenntnis von und Kooperation mit Hilfs- und Unterstützungsangeboten beziehen. Es erscheint ratsam, die geriatrische Kompetenz von Hausärzten zu stärken. Außerdem scheint es wichtig, Hausärzte mehr über Unterstützungsstrukturen im Bereich der Demenzversorgung zu informieren und sie darin einzubeziehen. Darüber hinaus sollte das Praxispersonal systematischer an der Erkennung und Versorgung von Demenzpatienten beteiligt werden

Two years of approved digital health applications in Germany : perspectives and experiences of general practitioners with an affinity for their use

Background Since 2020, physicians in Germany can prescribe approved digital health applications (DHAs) with the costs covered by the health system. There has so far been a lack of studies on attitudes and experiences amongst GPs in using DHAs. Objectives The aim was to elucidate the experiences and observations of GPs that have used DHAs in health care and to examine the conditions necessary for DHAs to gain a foothold in primary care according to the GPs. Methods In 2022, 96 qualitative semi-standardised interviews were conducted with German GPs with experience in prescribing DHAs. The GPs were all organised in digitalisation-oriented physicians’ associations. Fifty-four interviews were carried out in person and 42 by phone. The data were analysed according to qualitative content analysis. Results Unlike health apps, the interviewees saw DHAs as reliable tools for enhancing the relationship between GPs and their patients. They saw the DHAs they had been prescribing as useful and reported various benefits, including improvements in compliance, mobility, information for patients and weight reduction. The physicians also saw room for further improvement (usability, gamification, training, information sources). Interviewees saw the inclusion of DHAs in evidence-based guidelines as a major step forward. Conclusion The interviewees rated DHAs favourably regarding healthcare potential and as safer and more reliable than conventional health apps. Many saw benefits to healthcare from using such applications. From the interviewees’ point of view, DHAs can be integrated more effectively into patient care

Working relationship between primary and specialist care in analysing elevated liver values : a survey from the point of view of gastroenterologists

Elevated liver values are often an incidental finding in outpatient care. A solid working relationship between general practitioners and specialists plays as much of a role in effective diagnostics as do selection and examination of liver values and context as indicators for referral towards more in-depth diagnosis. This article focuses on the status quo as well as potential hurdles and challenges in the relationship between general practitioners and specialists with regard to analysing elevated liver values of uncertain origin. A total of 529 physicians in gastroenterological practices in the German states of Baden-Württemberg, Hesse and Thuringia were invited to take part in an online survey in 2020, of which 313 responded. This contribution focuses on those parts of the survey covering the relationship between general practitioners and specialists. According to the results, 72% of the surveyed gastroenterologists saw working relationships between general practitioners and specialists as beneficial and effective. Even so, a variety of challenges and difficulties in everyday care dominate. Specialists especially criticised preliminary analyses performed by general practitioners as well as time of referral. Apart from that, a wide majority (85%) saw a major role in a structured diagnostic algorithm towards improving early detection and coordination between primary and specialist care. The survey revealed problems in the relationship between general practitioners and specialists. Together with targeted training and further training programmes for general practitioners, a validated diagnostic algorithm for classifying and analysing elevated liver values may be a valuable tool for general practitioners to perform diagnostics and improve the structure within which they work with specialists.n der ambulanten Versorgung treten Leberwerterhöhungen als häufiger Zufallsbefund auf. Für eine effektive Diagnostik ist nicht nur von Bedeutung, welche Leberwerte in welchen Konstellationen als Indikatoren Beachtung finden oder wann Patienten zur weiterführenden Diagnostik überwiesen werden, sondern auch, inwiefern es eine funktionierende Kooperation zwischen Haus- und Facharztebene gibt. Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags stehen der Status quo sowie mögliche Hürden und Herausforderungen bei der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Haus- und Fachärzten hinsichtlich der Abklärung (unklar) erhöhter Leberwerte. In Baden-Württemberg, Hessen und Thüringen erfolgte im Jahr 2020 eine Online-Befragung von insgesamt 529 Ärztinnen und Ärzten gastroenterologischer Schwerpunktpraxen; letztlich teilgenommen haben 313 Ärztinnen und Ärzte. Der Beitrag fokussiert auf diejenigen Abschnitte der Befragung, die die Kooperation zwischen Haus- und Fachärzten betreffen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Haus- und Facharztebene nach Ansicht der befragten Gastroenterologen in weiten Teilen funktioniert und überwiegend positiv beurteilt wird (72 %). Dennoch ist sie im Versorgungsalltag durch verschiedene Herausforderungen und Schwierigkeiten geprägt. Fachärzte kritisieren insbesondere die im Vorfeld von Hausärzten geleistete Abklärung und Diagnostik sowie den Überweisungszeitpunkt. Zudem erachten sie die Einführung eines strukturierten Diagnosealgorithmus in breiter Mehrheit (85 %) als wichtigen Ansatz für die Verbesserung der Früherkennung und eine bessere Koordination zwischen den Versorgungsebenen. Die Befragung hat Schnittstellenprobleme zwischen Haus- und Fachärzten offengelegt. Ein validierter Diagnosealgorithmus zur Einordnung und Bewertung erhöhter Leberwerte kann in Verbindung mit gezielten hausärztlichen Schulungs- und Fortbildungsformaten ein wertvolles Instrument sein, um Hausärzte effektiv bei der Diagnostik zu unterstützen und die Zusammenarbeit mit Fachärzten besser zu strukturieren