Structure of the Labor Force and It’s Influence on the Economic Development in Macedonia

Republic of Macedonia has a serios problem with the unemployment. Although many actions were used in the past years, the result is not on the desired level. This was our stimul to explore the dependence between unemployment and the education level of the population.The subject of this paper is an analysis of the educational structure of the efficient population in the Republic of Macedonia, analysis of the educational structure of the employed and the unemployed according to their totality and gender, as well as according to their educational level. After determination of the current conditions and the changes during the observed period (2002-2012) the relation between the education of the workforce and the economic development of the country is presented. The goal of this paper is to give comprehensive analysis of the current situation and the changes in the educational structure of the workforce in the Republic of Macedonia, and to percieve its importance for the economic development. A questionnaire for the workforce for the period of 2002, 2006 and 2012 form the State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia as well as home and foreign literature are used as sources of information. Keywords: Educational structure, workforce, economic developmen

The effects of cytoplasmic male sterility and xenia on the chemical composition of maize grain

Sterile hybrids often outyield their fertile counterparts, especially if pollinated by a genetically unrelated pollinator. The combined effect of cms and xenia is referred to as the Plus-hybrid effect. The objective of this study was to determine the individual, as well as, combining effect of cms and xenia on the maize grain chemical composition. The percent of oil, protein and starch in the grain was also observed. Two sterile hybrids, their fertile counterparts and five fertile pollinator-hybrids were selected for the studies. The three-replicate trial set up according to the split-plot experimental design was performed at Zemun Polje in 2008. The obtained results show that the effects of cms on the oil percent was not significant in the studied hybrid ZP 341, while it increased at the significance level of P = 0.1 in the second observed hybrid ZP 360. The effect of this factor on the protein and starch percent was also significant (P = 0.01) in some hybrid combinations. Xenia effects on all three chemical parameters were significant (P = 0.01) in some hybrid combinations. The gained results indicate that the identification of a good combination of two hybrids, in which one would be a sterile female component, and the other a pollinator, would end up not only in the increased yield, but also in the improved maize grain quality

Macedonian Genebank: Seed Protein Content of Wild Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) Accessions

During this study, the content of crude protein content in seeds of 23 wild red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations, collected in East part of Macedonia, district Probistip, was assessed. On the basis of the average crude protein content, the collected accessions were divided into 3 groups with the crude protein content ≥ 15.0% (MKD01527, MKD01530, MKD01531, MKD01539, MKD01540, MKD01542, MKD01543); ≥ 16.0% (MKD01525, MKD01528, MKD01529, MKD0538, MKD01541, MKD01553, MKD01554, MKD01560) and ≥ 17.0% (MKD01536, MKD01537, MKD01544). The highest crude protein content of 17.3% was determined for population MKD01535 and the lowest (14.4 %) for MKD01526. Information on protein content, as an indicator of wild red clover quality, could be used as a selection tool for identifying accessions to be included in red clover breeding programs

Macedonian Genebank: Seed Protein Content of Wild Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) Accessions

During this study, the content of crude protein content in seeds of 23 wild red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) populations, collected in East part of Macedonia, district Probistip, was assessed. On the basis of the average crude protein content, the collected accessions were divided into 3 groups with the crude protein content ≥ 15.0% (MKD01527, MKD01530, MKD01531, MKD01539, MKD01540, MKD01542, MKD01543); ≥ 16.0% (MKD01525, MKD01528, MKD01529, MKD0538, MKD01541, MKD01553, MKD01554, MKD01560) and ≥ 17.0% (MKD01536, MKD01537, MKD01544). The highest crude protein content of 17.3% was determined for population MKD01535 and the lowest (14.4 %) for MKD01526. Information on protein content, as an indicator of wild red clover quality, could be used as a selection tool for identifying accessions to be included in red clover breeding programs

Detection of antimicrobial sensitiveness of isolates of Listeria monocytogenes from food chain using Vitek 2 Compact Biomerieux

Sensitivity of 26 Listeria monocytogenes isolates toward 18 antimicrobial substances used in veterinary and human medicine was examined using the automated VITEK 2 Compact system bioMerieux. The obtained results indicate that L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food and food processing environment had resistance to several or more antimicrobial substances that are commonly used in the treatment in animals and humans. Results showed resistance of all 26 (100%) isolates toward Benzylpenicilin, Ampicilin/Sublactam, Oxacillin, Imipenem and Fosfomycine. Also 7 of the isolates (26.9%) were resistant to Clindamiycin, 3 (11.5%) to Quinupristion/Dalfopristin and 1 strain to Teicoplanin, Vancomycin, Tetracycline and Fusic acid, respectively

Bioactive Compounds in Milk Fat and Their Impact on Human Health

Milk and dairy products have long traditions in human nutrition. Milk composition is rather than complex. Its constituents have been for many years on the priority list of research, with their positive and negative effects on human health. The most variable component of milk is milk fat. It is one of the components which determine nutritive quality and technological performance of milk. Milk fat contains a number of components which are metabolically active such as: sphingolipids, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), butyric acid, other fatty acids, vitamins A and D. A variety of health benefits have been associated with these compounds.The study of bioactive compounds in milk fat is very important for understanding their physiological and biochemical functions which have crucial impacts on human metabolism and health. Keywords: milk fat, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), health benefit

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENES FOR QUALITY TRAITS IN MACEDONIAN WHEAT GENOTYPES (Triticum aestivum L.)

The main goal of this study was to characterize glutenin subunits with high molecular weight (HMW-GS) in Macedonian wheat genotypes by using DNA markers and to analyse the polymorphism of the Glu-A1 and Glu-D1 loci, influencing wheat bread-making quality. Polymorphysm and allelic variations in the Glu-A1 loci were determined through characterization of Ax-null, Ax1 and Ax2* alleles, and in Glu-D1 loci through characterization of Dx2+Dy12 and Dx5+Dy10 alleles. Ax null, that has a negative influence on bread-making quality, was detected in 77.66% of the genotypes. The allelic pair Dx5+Dy10 was present in 68.09% of the genotypes. Only 8.51% of the analysed genotypes had the allele Ax1. According to the identified alleles in the Glu A1 and Glu D1 loci, the genotypes were grouped in two main clusters, 64 in the first and 30 genotypes in the second cluster. Both clusters consisted of three subclusters, comprising different number of genotypes. The most of the genotypes belonged to the subgroups 1a (presence of Dx5+Dy10) and 2a (presence of Dx2+Dy12). Genotypes in the 2a subgroup had Ах-null in Glu-A1 locus and Dx2+Dy12 in Glu-D1 locus, negatively influencing the wheat bread-making quality. These genotypes are not recommended to be used in a breeding program for improving wheat bread-making quality. Genotypes from the subgroups 1b and 1c possessed the alleles Аx2* and Ax1 in Glu-A1 locus and Dx5+Dy10 in Glu-D1 locus, indicating good bread-making quality. The superior breeding lines with improved quality, good agronomic characteristics and high yield have to be evaluated for their adaptability and stability. The lines with a complex of positive characteristics may be submitted for registration of new varieties. Further investigations of the material are needed for the other loci influencing the wheat bread-making quality

The effects of nitrogen on protein, oil and trypsin inhibitor content of soybean

Nitrogen fertilization have influence on protein, oil and trypsin inhibitor content of different soybean genotypes. Seed protein content was increased over control by 60 kg ha-1 nitrogen while trypsin inhibitor was reduced by all treatmens (30, 60,90 N kg ha-1) as compared to controls. Significant genetic variation in TI was found both within the genotype class with the Kunitz inhibitor present as well as within the class lacking this inhibitor. Genotypes containing the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor protein (KTI) exhibit a higher TI than genotypes lacking this protein, however, in both groups of genotypes TI was similary affected by nitrogen application. Oil content was reduced following nitrogen fertilisation

Effect of Regime of Irrigation and Fertilization of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) on Yield of Sugar

The aim of this research was to analyze the effects of different variants of irrigations and fertilization of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) on the yield of total sugar. The study was performed in agro-ecological conditions in valley Pelagonija in R. of Macedonia in period from 2012 to 2014. The following different regimes of irrigation were applied: irrigation at 75% utilized available water (uAW); 50% uAW; 25% uAW; and irrigation on the basis of bioclimatic coefficient (BC). Control was a variant without irrigation. The fertilization was applied at three different levels: low, medium and high. Control was a non-fertilized variant.This study is very important because simultaneously supplying of sugar beet with water and mineral matters is required for achievement of high and quality yields. The highest yield of total sugar was obtained in a irrigation treatment with 50% uAW and medium dose of fertilization. Keywords: sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.); irrigation, fertilization; total sugar yield

Međuzavisnost prinosa i komponenti prinosa genotipova jare uljane repice (Brassica napus L.)

The research was conducted in order to determine yield related characters which are more effective as selection criteria than yield itself. Three spring canola (Brassica napus L.) genotypes have been investigated for plant height, number of primary branches (including the main raceme), number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, seed weight per pod and 1000 seed weight and their correlations with seed yield per plant. Seed yield had highest correlation with number of pods per plant (r= 0.935 and r= 0.973 in Skopje and Strumica, respectively), followed by seed weight per pod (r= 0.693 and r= 0.729) and 1000 seed weight (r= 0.627 and r= 0.680). Path coefficient analysis was used to identify the direct and indirect effect of studied characters on seed yield. Number of pods per plant (p=0.759 and p=0.877 for Skopje and Strumica, respectively) and seed weight per pod (p=0.216 and p=0.225) had the highest direct effect on seed yield in both locations followed by 1000 seed weight (p=0.056 and p=0.010). The coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.943.Istraživanje je sprovedeno sa ciljem da se determinšu komponente prinosa koje mogu pretstavljati efektivniji kriterijum za selekciju nego prinos "per se". Kod tri jara genotipa uljane repice (Brassica napus L.) su bila ispitivana svojstva: visina biljke, broj primarnih grana (uključujući i centralnu), broj ljuski po biljci, dužina ljuski, broj semena po ljusci, masa semena po ljusci i masa 1000 semena, kao i njihove korelacije sa prinosom semena po biljci. Broj ljuski po biljci je imao najveću vrednost koeficijenta korelacije sa prinosom po biljci (r= 0.935 i r= 0.973 u Skoplju i Strumici). Nešto manju vrednost je imao koeficijent korelacije za masu semena po ljusci (r= 0.693 i r= 0.729) i masa 1000 semena (r= 0.627 i r= 0.680). Analiza path koeficijenta je korišćena za razdvajanje direktnih i indirektnih uticaja ispitivanih svojstava na prinos semena. Broj ljuski po biljci (p=0.759 i p=0.877 za Skoplje i Strumicu) i masa semena po ljusci (p=0.216 i p=0.225) su imale najveći direktni efekat na prinos semena po biljci u obe lokacije. Nešto manja vrednost ovog pokazatelja izračunata je za masu 1000 semena (p=0.056 i p=0.010). Koeficijent determinacije (R2) je iznosio 0.94