Predictors of total length of hospital stay in days for patients with ISAR+ receiving CGA (n = 300).

<p>Predictors of total length of hospital stay in days for patients with ISAR+ receiving CGA (n = 300).</p

Predictors of nursing hours per day for patients with ISAR+ receiving CGA (n = 300).

<p>Predictors of nursing hours per day for patients with ISAR+ receiving CGA (n = 300).</p

Characteristics of the total study cohort also split by ISAR score and CGA results.

<p>Characteristics of the total study cohort also split by ISAR score and CGA results.</p

Identification of hospitalized elderly patients at risk for adverse in-hospital outcomes in a university orthopedics and trauma surgery environment - Fig 1

<p><b>Prevalence of ISAR items (A) for the total cohort, (B) for ISAR+ and (C) for ISAR-.</b> Abbreviations as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0187801#pone.0187801.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Predictors of total hours of physiotherapy for patients with ISAR+ receiving CGA (n = 300).

<p>Predictors of total hours of physiotherapy for patients with ISAR+ receiving CGA (n = 300).</p

Medical main diagnosis of the total study cohort also split by ISAR score and CGA results.

<p>Medical main diagnosis of the total study cohort also split by ISAR score and CGA results.</p

Association of ISAR and CGA results with type of discharge.

<p>*p<0.05 compared with ISAR-, †p<0.05 compared with ISAR+/CGA normal. Abbreviations as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0187801#pone.0187801.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Vascular Risk Factors and Diseases Modulate Deficits of Reward-Based Reversal Learning in Acute Basal Ganglia Stroke

<div><p>Background</p><p>Besides motor function, the basal ganglia have been implicated in feedback learning. In patients with chronic basal ganglia infarcts, deficits in reward-based reversal learning have previously been described.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We re-examined the acquisition and reversal of stimulus-stimulus-reward associations and acquired equivalence in eleven patients with acute basal ganglia stroke (8 men, 3 women; 57.8±13.3 years), whose performance was compared eleven healthy subjects of comparable age, sex distribution and education, who were recruited outside the hospital. Eleven hospitalized patients with a similar vascular risk profile as the stroke patients but without stroke history served as clinical control group.</p><p>Results</p><p>In a neuropsychological assessment 7±3 days post-stroke, verbal and spatial short-term and working memory and inhibition control did not differ between groups. Compared with healthy subjects, control patients with vascular risk factors exhibited significantly reduced performance in the reversal phase (F[2,30] = 3.47; p = 0.044; post-hoc comparison between risk factor controls and healthy controls: p = 0.030), but not the acquisition phase (F[2,30] = 1.01; p = 0.376) and the acquired equivalence (F[2,30] = 1.04; p = 0.367) tasks. In all tasks, the performance of vascular risk factor patients closely resembled that of basal ganglia stroke patients. Correlation studies revealed a significant association of the number of vascular risk factors with reversal learning (r = -0.33, p = 0.012), but not acquisition learning (r = -0.20, p = 0.121) or acquired equivalence (r = -0.22, p = 0.096).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The previously reported impairment of reward-based learning may be attributed to vascular risk factors and associated diseases, which are enriched in stroke patients. This study emphasizes the necessity of appropriate control subjects in cognition studies.</p></div

Reward-based learning paradigm.

<p>(A) After the presentation of an Asian symbol, subjects were asked to select one of the two colours by pressing the corresponding button. The decision was followed by outcome presentation (reward or non-reward). (B) In the first learning task, subjects were asked to learn associations between symbols and colours, followed by a reversal of contingencies. (C) In the acquired equivalence task, subjects had to relearn associations after a colour change and were then expected to transfer the newly learned associations to previously presented symbols (modified from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0155267#pone.0155267.ref010" target="_blank">10</a>]).</p

Correlation between the number of vascular risk factors and the number of correct responses in the reward-based acquisition and reversal and equivalence test.

<p>Data were analyzed by Kendall’s tau-b correlations. Note that there was a significant correlation between the number of risk factors and correct responses in the reversal, but no significant correlation in the acquisition phase and equivalence test.</p