Novel “Acid Tuned” Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Protonated L-Proline

The paper presents new types of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on L-proline protonated using three different acids (hydrochloric, sulfuric and phosphoric)and playing the role of a hydrogen bond acceptor(HBA). Glucose and xylitol were used as hydrogen bond donors (HBD). A series of deep eutectic solvents with various mole ratios were obtained for the systems L-proline: glucose and L-proline: xylitol. Density, melting point, pH and viscosity of the synthesized DESs were determined along with the effect of water content, mole fraction of the HBA in DES and temperature on properties of the DESs. A wide range of densities (1343–1606 kg/m3), viscosities at 20 °C (699.6–48,590 mPa·s) and pH of 0.1 M DES solutions (1.578–2.456) make the obtained deep eutectic solvents potentially applicable in numerous technological processes, extractions as well as in analytical techniques, including microextraction. Components of these DESs are of natural origin and non-toxic, thus environmentally friendly and suitable for food as well as pharmaceutical industry

Diagnostic problems of rare diseases - amyloidosis. A case report

The presented case study focuses on the complexities and challenges in diagnosingone of the forms of amyloidosis, where abnormal protein (amyloid) deposits in variousorgans and tissues lead to affection of many organs, especially the heart, kidneys, liver,spleen, and occasionally the central nervous system. Its aetiology remains largely unknown,making diagnosis and treatment particularly challenging.This report details the case of an 88-year-old patient, disabled for months (with amodified Rankin Scale score of 4), who presented to the Neurology Department with suddenright limb paresis and speech disorders. Initial assessments indicated suggested ischemicstroke, and patients received thrombolysis. Further laboratory tests and imaging, includingserum protein electrophoresis and computer tomograph (CT) scans, suggested transthyretinamyloidosis (ATTR), which was later confirmed through genetic testing.This case underscores the rapid, multi-organ progression of amyloidosis and itsdevastating impact, highlighting the necessity for early diagnosis and a multidisciplinarytreatment approach.Despite ongoing research, the pathogenesis of amyloidosis remains elusive, andcurrent treatment options are primarily symptomatic. This study aims to shed light on thediagnostic difficulties and the urgent need for timely intervention in amyloidosis cases

Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Uses for Air Purification

Chemical compounds released into the air by the activities of industrial plants and emitted from many other sources, including in households (paints, waxes, cosmetics, disinfectants, plastic (PVC) flooring), may affect the environment and human health. Thus, air purification is an important issue in the context of caring for the condition of the environment. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as liquids with environmentally friendly properties (non-volatile, biodegradable, non-toxic, cheap, easy to prepare) are a promising solution to this problem. This paper reviews the advances made in the application of DESs as sorbents for the purification of atmospheric and indoor air. The potential of DESs and their subclasses (including SUPRAmolecular Deep Eutectic Solvents, SUPRADESs) applications in air purification processes were also summarized.The authors believe that this review can be useful for future readers as a starting point for research in the field of DESs and their application in air purification

Promising uses of probiotic bacteria as depression and neurodegenerative diseases therapy support - recent studies review

The intestinal microbiota – the living organisms that populate the gastrointestinal tract – plays a key role in proper body functioning. Disturbances to its homeostasis negatively affect the function of many organs, contributing to the development of diseases – for instance they negatively affect the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and the intestinal barrier, which can lead to the development of metabolic disorders, autoimmune and psychiatric diseases. Intestinal dysbiosis has been found in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, atopic dermatitis and psychiatric disorders including depression, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. The aim of this study is to review current scientific publications regarding recent studies conducted in animal models and clinical trials assessing the impact and role of probiotics in the treatment of depression, neurodegenerative diseases and to clarify the concept of the brain-gut axis. Probiotics and prebiotics that play a role in the functioning of the gut-brain axis, populating the gastrointestinal tract seal the intestinal barrier, support the function of the nervous system (through the synthesis of serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, among others), the endocrine system (reduce cortisol levels) and the immune system (stimulate the synthesis of anti-inflammatory cells). In the case of neurodegenerative diseases, i.e. Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease, probiotic bacteria alleviate accompanying symptoms, improve intestinal and brain function, increase patients' quality of life and, in addition, contribute to inhibiting the development of these conditions. Current data confirm changes in the gut microflora in the aforementioned diseases, and suggest positive effects on health and brain activity. The microbiota has been proven to be involved in the production of neurotransmitters, affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which is important in the course of depression and some psychiatric disorders. Despite numerous studies confirming the efficacy of supplementing the gut microbiota with defined bacterial strains, this promising often practiced method requires further clinical studies and a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms

Promising uses of probiotic bacteria and prebiotics in the course of COVID-19 - a review of recent studies

COVID-19 is a disease caused by the coronavirus Sars-CoV-2. The most common symptoms are fever, cough and high temperature, which can lead to complications ranging from the widely documented pneumonia to less obvious ones such as intestinal dysfunction. In recent years, there has been a great deal of research into the impact of the gut microbiota on the course of many diseases, including COVID-19. Microbiota play an important role in maintaining general health and immune function. The connection between the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory system can be both direct, where the oral microbiome colonises the respiratory tract, and indirect, involving the passage of microbiota from the gut into the bloodstream. Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection varies and depends on sanitation standards, immunity, as well as the presence of other medical conditions. There are also reports indicating a positive role for the microbiota in reducing the body's susceptibility to viral infection. Microbiota supports the regulation of the immune response, influences receptor expression, limits viral entry into host cells, and exerts an inhibitory effect on the development of inflammation, which is a risk factor for Covid-19 complications, which can manifest as so-called post covid with respiratory, circulatory and nervous system symptoms. The composition of the microbiota and its changes due to diseases and therapies used correlate with susceptibility to viral infections. Studies show that disruption of the tightness of the intestinal barrier affects the course of many diseases, including the respiratory system. Intestinal microbiota disorders leading to dysbiosis have a negative impact on the prognosis of patients with acute respiratory failure due to viral infections. The aim of this paper is to review PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases of recent studies on the effects of probiotics in the treatment and support of COVID-19. The review presented here discusses the potential for probiotics as agents used in the prevention and support of therapy of viral infection. The principles of quality assurance and safety of the probiotic product are also included