Location of four reef sites in central Great Barrier Reef.

<p>Location of four reef sites in central Great Barrier Reef.</p

Growth anomalies recorded in <i>Porites</i> calcification histories, percentage of coral cores at each reef site showing.

<p>(A) visual growth anomaly (partial mortality, high density stress band, visual reduced annual extension) and (B) significant negative calcification anomaly (significant reduction in annual calcification compared to the 1980–97 mean baseline; 95% confidence intervals dashed lines <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088720#pone-0088720-g006" target="_blank">Figure 6</a>). 1998 (black) and 2002 (grey).</p

Collection details of coral cores including reef location, depth (m), colony height (m), total number of cores collected and included in growth analyses.

<p>Collection details of coral cores including reef location, depth (m), colony height (m), total number of cores collected and included in growth analyses.</p

Average annual standardized <i>Porites</i> calcification anomaly time series from the Central Great Barrier Reef (1980–2003), as a percent difference from mean baseline calcification rates (1980–97) prior to the 1998 mass bleaching event (± SE).

<p>A) Nelly Bay (1980–97 baseline calcification  = 1.61±0.12 g cm⁻² yr⁻¹; 95% CI: ±14.3%), B) Pandora Reef (1980–97 baseline calcification  = 1.69±0.08 g cm⁻² yr⁻¹; 95% CI: ±10.1%), C) Rib Reef (1980–97 baseline calcification  = 1.69±0.08 g cm⁻² yr⁻¹; 95% CI: ±8.5%) and D) Myrmidon Reef (1980–97 baseline calcification  = 1.92±0.08 g cm⁻² yr⁻¹; 95% CI: ±8.6%). Shading represents ±1 standard error for each annual mean calcification anomaly. Dashed lines represent ±95% confidence intervals (CI) around the baseline calcification mean (1980–97).</p

Average annual anomalies of luminescence range, 1980–1983 from coral slices.

<p>Significant positive anomaly in 1991 reflects major flood plumes transported to reefs in the inshore and mid-shelf reefs. <b>Inshore sites</b>: (A) Nelly Bay, (B) Pandora Reef, <b>Mid-shelf site:</b> (C) Rib Reef, <b>Offshore site:</b> (D) Myrmidon Reef.</p

Historical thermal stress and flood plume intensity for the Central Great Barrier Reef, 1980-2003.

<p>(A) Annual maximum SST anomalies, 1980-2003 (HadISST1, Rayner et al. 2003), (B) Accumulated 4km Degree Heating Weeks at four reef sites (NOAA data) for 1998 (black) and 2002 (grey), and (C) annual (October-September) Burdekin River flow, 1980-2003 (Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management <a href="http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/water)." target="_blank">www.derm.qld.gov.au/water).</a></p

Example positive X-ray prints of short core slices showing annual density banding and photographs under UV light showing luminescent lines and bands.

<p>(A) Nelly Bay (Nel 21A_S2) illustrating convoluted growth typical of this inshore site and annual luminescent lines (*off axis core such as this not included in calcification analysis) (B) Pandora (Pan 41A_S3) illustrating 1998 growth hiatus and annual luminescent lines, (C) Rib (Rib 23B_S2) illustrating growth hiatuses in 1998 and 2002 and a bright luminescent line in 1991, and (D) Myrmidon (Myr 35B_S3) illustrating regular density banding typical of this offshore site with faint luminescent bands (minimal flood exposure) and growth hiatus from partial mortality in 2002. X-ray positive: high density  =  dark greys, low density  =  white.</p

Summary of water characteristics at reef sites (De'ath & Fabricius 2010; e-atlas.org.au).

<p>* Myrmidon not in e-atlas so estimated from nearest shelf-edge reef (Dip Reef: 17 km SE of Myrmidon reef).</p

<i>Porolithon onkodes</i> density and conceptacle banding.

<p>Three images of the same <i>P</i>. <i>onkodes</i> sample (PK) showing relationship between conceptacle and density banding, arrows indicate areas of a) high density banding (dark areas) in 2D micro-CT image; b) conceptacle banding in UV image; c) high density banding (in light areas) in 3D micro-CT image.</p

QEMSCAN of <i>Porolithon onkodes</i>.

<p>Mineralogical mapping using Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN) showing four bands (labelled on right side of image) of dominant mineral changes in <i>P</i>. <i>onkodes</i> from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Conceptacles are indicated by arrows. Black lines indicate changes in dominant mineral.</p