Analysing Modular Construction with Respect to Design and Cost

The aim of this work is to study the urban housing problem and provide a viable solution for housing shortage in India and to find out the cost effectiveness of modular construction, and analyzing it as a solution to efficiently and cost effectively boost multi-family housing production by taking advantage of the advances in manufacturing and transportation capabilities that several other sectors currently utilize. Modular construction is the most comprehensive production system of several which presently utilize factory assembly and manufacturing practices to produce housing. There are tremendous cost and time savings to utilizing this method

Evaluation of accuracy of computed topographic- based navigation assisted pedicle screw placement in thoracolumbar spine fracture

Background: Although pedicle screw fixation is a well-established technique for the thoracolumbar spine fracture, but the screw placement in the thoracolumbar spine is more challenging because more complex 3D anatomy. Incorrect placement of pedicle screws may lead to neurovascular injury, so the accuracy of pedicular screw placement is very crucial task. CT based navigation devices may allow surgeons a safe and more accurate method for placing pedicle screws with no radiation exposure intraoperative.Method: A Computed topographic (CT) based image guided navigation system was used for pedicle screw insertion. The accuracy of the pedicle screw placement was analyzed According to ‘Learch and Wiesners classification’ and ‘Heary classification’ for pedicle screw malplacement with a review of postoperative radiograph and CT scan image.Result: Under the guidance of CT based navigation 52 pedicle screws were inserted, out of which 02 pedicular screw shows lateral pedicle cortex breach. Conclusion: The accuracy of pedicle screw placement is crucial for thoracolumbar spine fracture fixation. The placement of pedicle screws can be done more accurately and safely with the aid of a CT-based navigation system. Furthermore, this opens the possibility for surgeons to reduce radiationexposure by eliminating the need for intra - operative fluoroscopy

Design and Evaluation of an Oral Floating Matrix Tablet of Salbutamol Sulphate

Purpose: To develop floating matrix tablets of salbutamol sulphate using ethyl cellulose and acrycoat S-100 as polymers, and sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and tartaric acid as gas generating agents. Methods: Twenty four formulations were prepared and segregated into four major categories, A to D. The floating tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique, and the granules were compressed at a pressure of 50 kg/cm2. The tablets contained drug, ethyl cellulose and Acrycoat S-100 (as releaseretarding polymers), sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and tartaric acid (as gas formers) as well as various additives. The tablets were made by wet granulation technique. The formulations were evaluated for in vitro buoyancy, dissolution and in vitro drug release. Results: All the formulations fulfilled the essential requirements for good floating systems. Formulation F8, containing citric acid and sodium bicarbonate, showed lower lag time and longer floating duration than the formulations containing only sodium bicarbonate. Formulation F8.2 (which contained citric and tartaric acid at a ratio of 1:1) showed longer floating duration (9 h) than F8. As the concentration of sodium bicarbonate increased in formulation F8.2, drug release decreased while floating duration increased.Conclusion: Of all the 24 formulations, the one containing tartaric acid and citric acid in ratio 1:3 and 12 mg sodium bicarbonate showed the highest floating duration and least lag time.Keywords: Salbutamol sulphate, Ethyl cellulose, Acrycoat S-100, Sodium bicarbonate, Citric acid, Tartaric aci

A Meta-Analysis for Understanding the Role of the COMT Val158Met Variant in the Susceptibility to Alcoholism

The hypothesis of association between 158Met allele of catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) gene and poor dopamine catabolism, dopamine remains prolonged for their half-time in the prefrontal cortex and gets more reward from alcohol than COMT Val158 allele, has generated much interest, research and controversy. Hence, a meta-analysis to explore possible role of COMT Val158Met variant and alcoholism has been performed. Twenty-two case-control data sets containing 3602 alcoholism patients and 5183 healthy subjects genotyped for COMT Val158Met variant has been included and assessed for their association with alcoholism. Meta-analyses were conducted with the use of MetaGenyo web tool. The results of this study confirmed that the COMT Val158Met variant is not contributing to the risk of alcoholism (Dominant model: OR = 1.10 (95% CI = 0.92-1.30), I2 = 49%). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity also found no association of this allele with alcoholism risk in both Asian (Dominant model: OR = 1.15 (95% CI = 0.83-1.60), I2 = 43%) and Caucasian (Dominant model: OR = 1.07 (95% CI = 0.87-1.32), I2 = 54%) populations. The meta-analysis results of this study suggest no significant correlation between COMT Val158Met variant and alcoholism

Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium using Levigated Alumina GRM-1909

Use of commercially available levigated alumina GRM-1909 for adsorption of Hexavalent chromium is investigated. In this study, the adsorption of Cr(VI) was carried out in a batch mode and rate of adsorption was evaluated at varying conditions viz. pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. The maximum removal of Cr(VI) (98%) was observed at pH 4 with an adsorbent dose 1 gm/100 ml and chromium concentration of 10 mg/l. The adsorption study revealed that pH and adsorbent dose play significant roles towards Cr(VI) adsorption. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were applied. The Langmuir isotherm fitted the equilibrium adsorption data better with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.971. The present study reveals that the commercially available levigated alumina can be an ideal candidate for the removal of chromium (VI) metal ions from waste water

Comment On Energy-Efficient Alternative for Different Types of Traditional Soil Binders

Due to urban sprawl, the demand for land has increased for the purpose of construction. It is unlikely that soil available at different construction sites will be suitable for designed structures. For improving the load-bearing capacity of the soil, different soil binders are used, which are present in distinct states. In this review, the authors have collected details about various binders, which are generally used in the soil stabilization, and their effect as a binding agent on the soil. In this article, the authors tried to review different traditional binders. After studying various research articles, the authors found that lime, ground-granulated blast slag (GGBS) polypropylene, polyurethane grouting, and asphalt mix are frequently used binders. However, the authors also gathered information about the negative environmental impact of these traditional soil binders, which led to the need for alternatives to these commonly used soil binders. To diminish this issue, different alternate hydraulic and non-hydraulic binders are discussed. The authors found alternatives to cement and lime with the alkali-activated material consisting of Na2O and silica modulus and belite-calcium sulfoaluminate ferrite, which is also known as "Aether™." According to the research, both alternatives emit 20–30% less CO2 into the environment and also improve the compressive strength of the soil. The various studies promotes bitumen modification. Incorporating 20-mesh crumb rubber and bio-oil into the bitumen reduces its viscosity and improves its fatigue value. When waste oil is mixed with asphalt, it revitalizes the bitumen, improves fatigue resistance, and increases compressive strength. The soil particles treated by Eko soil are held together by enzymes, which give them the same strength as cement. Apart from that, low-carbon binders such as basic oxygen furnace slag, bamboo fiber, enzyme-based soil treatment, zebu manure for stabilization, and lignin-contained biofuels and coproducts are discussed. Replacing these traditional binders helps with energy savings. All waste products are recycled, and energy is saved by not manufacturing traditional binders. Additionally, energy is saved, which is required to avoid the detrimental effects of these conventional binders, making them energy-efficient alternate binders. The authors also summarize the methods used, impacts, and changes that occur in soil properties after using substitutes in place of traditional binders. From the review, the authors determined that different binders have various properties in terms of chemical and physical compositions, and they show different variations in terms of strength when added to soil with low bearing capacity or poor stability

Performance of Agricultural Sector through International Trade in India

The purchasing and selling of goods generated by the farming and forestry industries is referred to as agricultural trade. It can increase customer access to a wider range of agricultural products, frequently at cheaper rates. International Agricultural trade is the exchange or import and export of goods and services of agriculture and allied products between countries. Agricultural exporting is the sale of goods and services of agri-allied products from one's own country to another. On the other hand, Agricultural Importing refers to the Purchase of goods and services of agri-allied foreign product and their transportation into one's native nation. The term "agricultural trade" refers to the commercial activities associated with moving agricultural products (goods and services) such as farm, horticulture, and other allied products from one country to another. Agricultural marketing refers to all actions taken to move agricultural products from producers to consumers through several levels of marketing channels, including time (storage), location (transportation), form (processing), and ownership transfer. The foundation of the Indian economy is agriculture. 170 million out of 320 million workers are employed in agriculture.&nbsp

Development and Determination of Rutin by Spectrofluorimetric Method

ABSTRACT Rutin is a polyphenolic naturally occurring compound potentially having a huge impact in human benefit which includes wound healing, cardiovascular, carcinoma therapeutic activities as well as have nutraceutical benefits. The objective of study was to establish a precise, accurate, sensitive and reliable method for estimation at low concentrations of rutin in biological fluids, using spectrofluorimetric method.A standard curve of rutin was prepared in methanol and serum in the concentration range 1-10 ng/ml. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy and precision.The regression data for rutin in methanol and serum observed to have a good linear relationship with R 2 > 0.99 over the concentration range of 1-10 ng/ml. This method gave adequate linearity, precision, accuracy and recovery. It is also concluded that method is less time consumption as compared with HPLC, which requires lengthier chromatographic separation

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Influence of glycerol on plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings evolution and on corrosion behaviour of coated AM50 magnesium alloy

PEO coatings were obtained from base silicate electrolyte (bPEO) and glycerol added silicate electrolytes (gPEO) for different processing times. PEO coatings' evolution and their corrosion behavior were systematically studied as a function of PEO processing time. Smaller maximum pore size and higher pore density have been discerned for gPEO compared to bPEO for all the PEO processing time. Glycerol addition resulted in reduced coating thickness, promoted periclase, MgO, formation and suppressed forsterite, Mg2SiO4, amorphization. From electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study, it was found that gPEO had better corrosion resistance as compared to bPEO