The assessment of incompatibility and cross-compatibility in three populations of European globeflower (Trollius europaeus L.) by observing the pollen tubes growth

The European globeflower was shown to be highly self‐incompatible by flower bagging experiments, however, a very small degree of selfing was observed in natural populations. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the level of self-incompatibility (SI) in three Trollius europaeus populations from different sites of Poland and to assess a degree of cross-compatibility (CC) between these populations. The SI and CC of the globeflower populations were evaluated based on the pollen germination index (PGI). The observations of pollen grains germination and pollen tubes penetration were made in pistils after self- and diallel cross-pollination of globeflower plants. The pollination combinations which had the PGI equal or higher than 2 were regarded as compatible. Generally, the PGI after self-pollination of all globeflower population was over 2, indicating that they are self-compatible. Also, in two globeflower populations after cross-pollination the PGI was higher than 2 showing that there was cross-compatibility between plants of these two populations. However, the third population, from Biedrusko, was fully cross-incompatible

The assessment of incompatibility and cross-compatibility in three populations of European globeflower (Trollius europaeus L.) by observing the pollen tubes growth

The European globeflower was shown to be highly self‐incompatible by flower bagging experiments, however, a very small degree of selfing was observed in natural populations. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the level of self-incompatibility (SI) in three Trollius europaeus populations from different sites of Poland and to assess a degree of cross-compatibility (CC) between these populations. The SI and CC of the globeflower populations were evaluated based on the pollen germination index (PGI). The observations of pollen grains germination and pollen tubes penetration were made in pistils after self- and diallel cross-pollination of globeflower plants. The pollination combinations which had the PGI equal or higher than 2 were regarded as compatible. Generally, the PGI after self-pollination of all globeflower population was over 2, indicating that they are self-compatible. Also, in two globeflower populations after cross-pollination the PGI was higher than 2 showing that there was cross-compatibility between plants of these two populations. However, the third population, from Biedrusko, was fully cross-incompatible

Identification of apomixis in the Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) using auxin test

The effect of auxin treatment on the formation of apomictic – endospermless grains in Poa pratensis was investigated in the study. Four Polish cultivars: Skiz, Eska 46, Alicja, Ani as well as six breeding lines: POB 13, SK-W-33, SKW-15, SKW-35A, SK-W-35A and SK-W-35B were tested by embryological methods to reveal the reproduction pathway in greenhouse and field conditions. The obtained results showed that four genotypes, i.e. Alicja, Ani, Eska 46 and SK-W-35B are facultative apomictic and the other have formed seeds only on the apomictic way. In facultative apomicts it was found that in many cases both endospermless ovules containing embryo sacs with embryos or embryo sacs with well developed endosperm were formed. In the case of apomictic genotypes only endospermless seeds were observed

Cytological markers used for identification and transfer of Aegilops spp. chromatin carrying valuable genes into cultivated forms of Triticum

There are many reports describing chromosome structure, organization and evolution within goatgrasses (Aegilops spp.). Chromosome banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques are main methods used to identify Aegilops Linnaeus, 1753 chromosomes. These data have essential value considering the close genetic and genomic relationship of goatgrasses with wheat (Triticum aestivum Linnaeus, 1753) and triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack, 1899). A key question is whether those protocols are useful and effective for tracking Aegilops chromosomes or chromosome segments in genetic background of cultivated cereals. This article is a review of scientific reports describing chromosome identification methods, which were applied for development of prebreeding plant material and for transfer of desirable traits into Triticum Linnaeus, 1753 cultivated species. Moreover, this paper is a resume of the most efficient cytomolecular markers, which can be used to follow the introgression of Aegilops chromatin during the breeding process

Genetic Relationship of Brassicaceae Hybrids with Various Resistance to Blackleg Is Disclosed by the Use of Molecular Markers

Brassica napus is an important oil source. Its narrow gene pool can be widened by interspecific hybridization with the Brassicaceae species. One of the agronomically important traits, that can be transferred through the hybridization, is the resistance to blackleg, a dangerous disease mainly caused by Leptosphaeria maculans. Hybrid individuals can be analyzed with various molecular markers, including Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR). We investigated the genetic similarity of 32 Brassicaceae hybrids and 19 parental components using SSR markers to reveal their genetic relationship. Furthermore, we compared the field resistance to blackleg of the interspecific progenies. The tested set of 15 SSR markers proved to be useful in revealing the genetic distances in the Brassicaceae hybrids and species. However, genetic similarity of the studied hybrids could not be correlated with the level of field resistance to L. maculans. Moreover, our studies confirmed the usefulness of the Brassicaceae hybrids in terms of blackleg management

Connection between Nutrient Content and Resistance to Selected Pests Analyzed in <i>Brassicaceae</i> Hybrids

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera Metzg) is attacked by a wide range of pests. Breeding of resistant cultivars is one of the best methods of protecting crops against insects, and non-cultivated species of Brassicaceae can be used as resistance donors. In this study, we investigated the relationship between nutrient content and resistance to two commonly occurring pests (Delia radicum and Brevicoryne brassicae) in 12 Brassicaceae hybrid combinations. The experiment was conducted at Poznań University of Life Sciences Experimental Station located in Dłoń. The assessment was carried out for three years (2017, 2018, and 2019) on randomly chosen individuals in two growth stages: vegetative stage and flowering stage. The resistance to B. brassicae and D. radicum was observed in all three years, however, macronutrient and micronutrient contents as well as total nitrogen, total sulfur, and sulfur sulfate were observed only in 2019. Statistically significant negative association between Ca and resistance to B. brassicae and D. radicum was discovered. Additionally, positive association between Cu and resistance to B. brassicae was observed. The importance of selected mineral elements in plant resistance is widely discussed

Effect of Zearalenone and Hormone Regulators on Microspore Embryogenesis in Anther Culture of Wheat

The purpose of this work was to assess the impact of zearalenone (ZEN) and selected hormone regulators on the effectiveness of microspore embryogenesis in anther culture of wheat. The plant material comprised F1 hybrids of winter and spring wheat. Six combinations of media inducing microspore proliferation and formation of embryogenic structures were investigated: two combinations of growth regulators (D - 2,4-D + dicamba, K - 2,4-D + kinetin), each with three ZEN concentrations (0 mL/L, 0.1 mL/L, 0.2 mL/L). A significant increase in microspore embryogenesis effectiveness on media with the addition of ZEN was observed both at the stages of its induction and the formation of green plants in some genotypes. In case of both combinations of growth regulators, an increased concentration of ZEN resulted in more effective induction of microspore embryogenesis. The most effective induction medium was the D medium supplemented with 0.2 mL/L ZEN. As a result of the use of zearalenone together with two combinations of growth regulators, all genotypes tested produced androgenic structures, which indicates the breakdown of genotypic recalcitrant in the analysed hybrids. In addition, green plants were obtained from 18 out of 19 tested hybrids. The addition of ZEN to the medium did not affect the number of regenerated albino plants nor the number of spontaneous genome doublings proportion