Immunohistochemical staining of Der p 1 using mouse anti-Der p 1.

<p>Immunohistochemical staining of Der p 1 using mouse anti-Der p 1.</p

Immunohistochemical detection of Der p 1, IgE and CD68, and the presence of eosinophil leukocytes in nasal biopsies before and after <i>in vivo</i> challenge with Der p 1 allergen.

<p>H-E staining for Eosinophils; see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127477#sec006" target="_blank">Methods</a>.</p><p>*Double staining with Der p 1.</p><p>** Staining of cells and the mucous in the epithelium, lamina propria and the submucosal glands. An ordinal scale was used for intensity of Der p 1 staining. This allows for rank order (negative, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+), but does not allow for measuring relative degree of difference between them.</p><p>***Comparison between non-challenged (pre) and challenged (post) tissue.</p><p>****Comparison between atopic and nonatopic (non-challenged tissue).</p><p>EP: nasal mucosal epithelium; LP: lamina propria; GL: subepithelial mucous glands.</p><p>Number of cells: Mean (range); NA: not available; Statistics: t-test was used for comparison between means.</p><p>Immunohistochemical detection of Der p 1, IgE and CD68, and the presence of eosinophil leukocytes in nasal biopsies before and after <i>in vivo</i> challenge with Der p 1 allergen.</p

Total recovery of Der p 1 after allergen challenge in 20 nonatopic subjects.

<p>*Each subject had two random sampling times</p><p>**Samples taken on one occasion only.</p><p>***Total allergen recovery—comparison between sampling times (p = 0.2; analysis of variance, Friedman test for multiple samples)</p><p>**** Total allergen recovery—comparison between aqueous or particulate at any time point (p≥0.2; Wilcoxon rank sum test)</p><p>N = Number of subjects; IQR = Interquartile Range</p><p>Total recovery of Der p 1 after allergen challenge in 20 nonatopic subjects.</p

Most Personal Exposure to House Dust Mite Aeroallergen Occurs during the Day

<div><p>Background</p><p>The bed is commonly regarded as the main site of house dust mite exposure; however this has not been directly established by continuous measurements. The objective of this study was to determine the pattern of personal exposure to mite aeroallergen over 24 hours.</p> <p>Methods</p><p>12 adults each collected 9 sequential samples (8 during the day, mean 115 mins, and one overnight, mean 514 mins) over 24 hours using a portable air-pump (2L/min) connected to an IOM filter located on the shoulder during the day and on the bed head overnight. Samples were analysed for mite allergen Der p 1 by ELISA. Location and activity were recorded. A mixed model analysis was performed to determine exposure as a function of 14 categories of activity.</p> <p>Results</p><p>Personal aeroallergen exposure differed widely over time, both within and between subjects. The highest average exposure (1117 pg/m³, 95% CI: 289-4314) occurred on public transport and the lowest overnight in bed (45 pg/m³, 95% CI: 17-17), which contributed only 9.8% (95% CI: 4.4%-15.1%) of total daily exposure. Aeroallergens were not related to bed reservoirs.</p> <p>Conclusion</p><p>The study challenges the current paradigm that the bed is the main site of HDM exposure and instead suggests most exposure occurs in association with domestic activity and proximity to other people. Effective mite interventions, designed to improve asthma outcomes, need to first identify and then address the multiple sources of aeroallergen exposure.</p> </div

Average personal exposure (<b>pg/m</b>^<b>3</b>) <b>for the nine sequential periods over 24 hours.</b>

<p>Periods 1-8 occurred over the day at approximately 2 hour intervals between 7:00am and 10:30pm and Period 9 was overnight (~8 hours). Each symbol represents a separate subject. One subject (5) who collected samples during the working week and again at the weekend is shown as subject 5(2).</p

The percentages of sequences in Datasets A, B and C that showed evidence of antigen selection.

<p>The percentages of sequences in Datasets A, B and C that showed evidence of antigen selection.</p

Mean numbers of mutations in IGHV genes derived from IgE-associated amplified from venom allergic (V IgE), peanut allergic donors (P IgE) and IgG for Dataset A, B and C.

<p>The exact specificities encoded by the IgE and IgG sequences are unknown.</p

The proportion of total IGHV mutations (Mv) that are replacement mutations within the CDR1 and CDR2 regions (R_CDR).

<p>The proportions of Mv that are R_CDR mutations are plotted against the total numbers of mutations in IgE sequences of unknown specificity, but derived from Venom (▪, n = 33) and Peanut (△, n = 57) allergic patients (A), and in IgG sequences (n = 411) (B). The solid lines show the 97.5% confidence limits for the R_CDR/M_V ratio in a model of random mutation, where p(R_CDR) equals 0.26. Data points have been adjusted to highlight clusters of overlaid values, and points above the line of the random model are considered to show evidence of antigen selection.</p

Numbers of IgE and IgG sequences in Datasets A, B and C.

a<p>All unique reads, after removal of duplicate sequences.</p>b<p>All sequences in Dataset A that were seen as bidirectional reads.</p>c<p>All sequences remaining after removal from Dataset B of all but the dominant sequences of clonally-related sets.</p>d<p>Sequences derived from venom-allergic and peanut-allergic individuals.</p