Planning for private forestry development in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography at Massey University

Conflict has developed between forestry, pastoral and other land uses in New Zealand over the last twenty years despite attempts to plan for the 'wise use' of land and thereby resolve conflict over changing land use patterns. The planning response to land use conflict is made within the taken for granted ideology of capitalism which governs land use allocation within the capitalist system. Capitalist society is continually transforming itself in accordance with underlying economic structures. Planning decisions are therefore constantly evolving through human action and interaction to effect land use change consistent with capitalist development. Hence, issues of conflict in land allocation and use cannot be considered in isolation from the dynamic social system in which they emerge, are altered, maintained or subside. Conflict of interests is inevitable in a capitalist social system and consequently a planning solution, as opposed to resolution, of conflict is impossible. Planning structures are created within the capitalist socio-economic system and are therefore endowed with the ideology of capitalism and associated contradictions, which precludes problem solution. Resolution of conflict thus represents a cosmetic change where the nature of conflict is altered but the underlying capitalist forces creating conflict remain unchanged. The inherent contradictions inspired by capitalist ideology mean planning problems will emerge despite good intentions to effect conflict amelioration. Capitalism is the preferred socio-economic system in New Zealand and the desirability of capitalism is not challenged herein. Rather, claims .of capitalist institutions and structures to be ideology free are disputed as such beliefs may lead to false optimism about the ability of planning to identify and solve, as opposed to resolve, conflict. The practice of planning for forestry development in New Zealand bears witness to this

Pacing Strategy in Schoolchildren Differs with Age and Cognitive Development

Purpose: The study's purpose was to examine differences in pacing strategy between schoolchildren of different age, gender, and stage of cognitive development. Methods: Schoolchildren (n = 106) from four age groups (5-6, 8-9, 11-12, and 14 yr) participated in this study. Each schoolchild completed four conservation tasks to evaluate his or her Piagetian stage of cognitive development. Each schoolchild then performed a best-effort running task on a 150-m running track that was video recorded to analyze pace at 5% increments. The length of the run was varied for each age group to ensure that all schoolchildren were running for approximately 4 min (5-6 yr = 450 m, 8-9 yr = 600 m, 11-12 yr = 750 m, and 14 yr = 900 m). Results: Differences in pacing strategy were found between schoolchildren of different age (P < 0.0001), gender (P < 0.0001), and cognitive development (P < 0.0001). Pacing differences were also found between age groups after controlling for cognitive development (P < 0.001), between cognitive abilities after controlling for age (P < 0.01), and between genders after controlling for both age (P < 0.0001) and cognitive ability (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Younger schoolchildren with less advanced cognitive development exhibited a negative pacing strategy indicating an inability to anticipate exercise demand. Older schoolchildren at a more advanced stage of cognitive development exhibited a more conservative U-shaped pacing strategy characterized by faster running speeds during the first 15% and last 20% of the run. Anticipatory pacing strategy seems to be related to both the age and cognitive development of schoolchildren. Copyright © 2012 by the American College of Sports Medicine

Hospital costs in relation to body-mass index in 1.1 million women in England: a prospective cohort study

The Million Women Study is funded by Cancer Research UK (grant C570/A16491) and the Medical Research Council (grant MR/K02700X/1). SK is funded by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Doctoral Research Fellowship (grant DRF-2014-07-029). BJC acknowledges support from the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK (grant RE/13/1/30181). SAJ is funded by the NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care