Demographic and anthropometric characteristics of 22,507 subjects representative of the urban population of Colombo District aged between 10–40 years.

a<p>males vs.females p<0.001.</p>b<p>females vs.males p<0.05.</p>c<p>Age 10–14 years vs. 15–19 yrs vs 20–40 yrs p<0.05 for all.</p><p>Data are reported as means or proportions (%) with 95% confidence intervals corrected for cluster sampling.</p><p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FH, first degree family history; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.</p

Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics of 4532 subjects aged between 10–40 years with ≥2 cardio-metabolic risk factors selected for participation in the randomized controlled trial.

<p>Data are reported as means with 95% confidence intervals corrected for cluster sampling.</p><p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP Diastolic blood pressure; FPG, Fasting plasma glucose; PG, plasma glucose; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; ACR, albumin to creatinine ratio.</p

High Prevalence of Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in a Young Urban Sri-Lankan Population

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>South-Asian's are predisposed to early onset type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The prevalence of cardio-metabolic risk-factors in young Sri-Lankans is unknown.</p> <h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>To determine by questionnaire and anthropometry the prevalence of first degree family history (FH) of T2DM, physical inactivity, raised waist circumference (WC) and raised body mass index (BMI) in a representative healthy urban population selected by cluster sampling. Those with ≥2 risk-factors were evaluated for metabolic syndrome (MS) and recruited for an intervention trial. Of 23,296 participants screened, 22,507 (53% Female) were eligible [8,497 aged 10–14 yrs, 4,763 aged 15–19 yrs and 9,247 aged 20–40 yrs]. 51% had none of the 4 risk-factors, 26% 1 risk-factor and 23% (5,163) ≥2 risk-factors of whom 4,532 were assessed for MS. Raised BMI was noted in 19.7% aged 10–14 yrs, 15.3% between 15–19 yrs, and between 20–40 yrs, 27.4% of males vs. 21.8% of females p<0.001. Prevalence of raised WC was greater in females for each age group: 42.7% vs. 32.1%; 28.1% vs. 16.1%; 34.5% vs. 25.7% (p<0.05 for all) as was physical inactivity: 39.9% vs. 14.5%; 51.7% vs. 20.0%; 62.7% vs. 41.3% which rose in both sexes with age (p<0.05 for all). FH of T2DM was present in 26.2%. In 4532 (50%<16 yrs) with ≥2 risk-factors, impaired fasting glycaemia/impaired glucose tolerance (pre-diabetes) prevalence was 16%. MS was more prevalent in males [10–16 yrs (13.0% vs. 8.8%), 16–40 yrs (29.5% vs. 20.0%) p<0.001 for both].</p> <h3>Conclusions/Significance</h3><p>There is a high prevalence of modifiable cardio-metabolic risk-factors in young urban Sri-Lankans with significant gender differences. A primary prevention intervention trial is ongoing in this cohort. Clinical Trial Registration Number SLCTR/2008/World Health Organization (WHO) international clinical trial registry platform.</p> </div

Age and BMI independent effects of PCOS on central arterial stiffness, as measured by augmentation index.

<p>Subjects were 12 healthy controls and 14 subjects with PCOS matched for body mass index.</p

Univariate correlations of AIx, central arterial pressures, and CD34+CD133+ VPC number with PCOS diagnosis, age and smoking.

<p>Univariate correlations of AIx, central arterial pressures, and CD34+CD133+ VPC number with PCOS diagnosis, age and smoking.</p

Selected clinical, biochemical and brachial blood pressure measurements in non-obese subjects with PCOS and age and body mass index matched healthy controls.

<p>Data are presented as mean±SEM.</p

Tubule formation assay in healthy controls (A) and PCOS (B) patients.

<p>Panels A and B are representative pictures of the tubule network formed by the VPC (white dots) and HUVECs. The white line represents the surface area which was measured i.e. area formed by complete closed tubes.</p

Circulating vascular progenitor cell (VPC) number (A) and in-vitro function (B) in healthy controls (□) and PCOS (▪) subjects.

<p>Circulating CD34⁺/CD133⁺ VPC number is reduced (A) and VPC function impaired (B) in PCOS patients <i>vs</i>. healthy control. (* p = 0.03, ** p = 0.02). Data are presented as mean±SEM. For A, PCOS n = 14 vs. control n = 12, for B PCOS n = 10 vs. control n = 8.</p

African-Caribbean ethnicity is an independent predictor of significant decline in kidney function in people with type 1 diabetes

   Objective: The aim of the study was to identify the demographic and clinical features in an urban cohort of people with type 1 diabetes who developed ≥50% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).  Research design and methods: We evaluated 5261 people with type 1 diabetes (51% female, 13.4% African-Caribbean) with baseline eGFR >45ml/min/1.73m2. Primary endpoint was an eGFR decline ≥50% from baseline with a final eGFR Results: Of the cohort 263 (5%) reached the primary endpoint. People who reached primary endpoint were more likely to be of African-Caribbean ethnicity, older, with a longer duration of diabetes, higher systolic blood pressure and HbA1c, more prevalent retinopathy, and higher albuminuria categories (p Conclusion: We report a novel observation that African-Caribbean ethnicity increased the risk of kidney function loss, an effect which was independent of traditional risk factors. Further studies are needed to examine the associated pathophysiology that may explain this observation. </p