161 research outputs found
Advancing single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy and super-resolution microscopy with organic fluorophores
Impact of charge carrier injection on single-chain photophysics of conjugated polymers
Charges in conjugated polymer materials have a strong impact on the
photophysics and their interaction with the primary excited state species has
to be taken into account in understanding device properties. Here, we employ
single-molecule spectroscopy to unravel the influence of charges on several
photoluminescence (PL) observables. The charges are injected either
stochastically by a photochemical process, or deterministically in a
hole-injection sandwich device configuration. We find that upon charge
injection, besides a blue-shift of the PL emission and a shortening of the PL
lifetime due to quenching and blocking of the lowest-energy chromophores, the
non-classical photon arrival time distribution of the multichromophoric chain
is modified towards a more classical distribution. Surprisingly, the fidelity
of photon antibunching deteriorates upon charging, whereas one would actually
expect the number of chromophores to be reduced. A qualitative model is
presented to explain the observed PL changes. The results are of interest to
developing a microscopic understanding of the intrinsic charge-exciton
quenching interaction in devices
Spontaneous fluctuations of transition dipole moment orientation in OLED triplet emitters
The efficiency of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) depends on the
microscopic orientation of transition dipole moments of the molecular emitters.
The most effective materials used for light generation have threefold symmetry,
which prohibit a priori determination of dipole orientation due to the
degeneracy of the fundamental transition. Single-molecule spectroscopy reveals
that the model triplet emitter tris(2-phenylisoquinoline)iridium(III)
(Ir(piq)3) does not behave as a linear dipole, radiating with lower
polarization anisotropy than expected. Spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs in
the excited state, leading to a random selection of one of the three ligands to
form a charge transfer state with the metal. This non-deterministic
localization is revealed in switching of the degree of linear polarization of
phosphorescence. Polarization scrambling likely raises out-coupling efficiency
and should be taken into account when deriving molecular orientation of the
guest emitter within the OLED host from ensemble angular emission profiles
Interplay between J- and H-type coupling in aggregates of Ď-conjugated polymers: a single-molecule perspective
Strong dipoleâdipole coupling within and between Ďâconjugated segments shifts electronic transitions, and modifies vibronic coupling and excitedâstate lifetimes. Since Jâtype coupling between monomers along the conjugatedâpolymer (CP) chain and Hâtype coupling of chromophores between chains of a CP compete, a superposition of the spectral modifications arising from each type of coupling emerges, making the two couplings hard to discern in the ensemble. We introduce a singleâmolecule Hâtype aggregate of fixed spacing and variable length of up to 10â
nm. HJâtype aggregate formation is visualized intuitively in the scatter of singleâmolecule spectra
Should I stay or should I go? : On forces that drive and prevent MBSE adoption in the embedded systems industry
[Context] Model-based Systems Engineering (MBSE) comprises a set of models and techniques that is often suggested as solution to cope with the challenges of engineering complex systems. Although many practitioners agree with the arguments on the potential benefits of the techniques, companies struggle with the adoption of MBSE. [Goal] In this paper, we investigate the forces that prevent or impede the adoption of MBSE in companies that develop embedded software systems. We contrast the hindering forces with issues and challenges that drive these companies towards introducing MBSE. [Method] Our results are based on 20 interviews with experts from 10 companies. Through exploratory research, we analyze the results by means of thematic coding. [Results] Forces that prevent MBSE adoption mainly relate to immature tooling, uncertainty about the return-on-investment, and fears on migrating existing data and processes. On the other hand, MBSE adoption also has strong drivers and participants have high expectations mainly with respect to managing complexity, adhering to new regulations, and reducing costs. [Conclusions] We conclude that bad experiences and frustration about MBSE adoption originate from false or too high expectations. Nevertheless, companies should not underestimate the necessary efforts for convincing employees and addressing their anxiety
Strategies and Best Practices for Model-based Systems Engineering Adoption in Embedded Systems Industry
[Context] Model-based Systems Engineering (MBSE) advocates the integrated use of models throughout all development phases of a system development life-cycle. It is also often suggested as a solution to cope with the challenges of engineering complex systems. However, MBSE adoption is no trivial task and companies, especially large ones, struggle to achieve it in a timely and effective way. [Goal] We aim to discover what are the best practices and strategies to implement MBSE in companies that develop embedded software systems. [Method] Using an inductive-deductive research approach, we conducted 14 semi-structured interviews with experts from 10 companies. Further, we analyzed the data and drew some conclusions which were validated by an on-line questionnaire in a triangulation fashion. [Results] Our findings are summarized in an empirically validated list of 18 best practices for MBSE adoption and through a prioritized list of the 5 most important best practices. [Conclusions] Raising engineersâ awareness regarding MBSE advantages and acquiring experience through small projects are considered the most important practices to increase the success of MBSE adoption.BMBF, 01IS15058, Verbundprojekt SPEDiT: Software Platform Embedded Systems - Dissemination und Transfe
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