Percentages of clones within distance classes.

<p>Number of all pairwise comparisons in each distance: 0.01 m– 58, 96, 24; 0.5 m– 54, 211, 35; 1 m– 43, 166, 30; 2 m– 31, 274, 39; 4 m– 75, 321, 39; 8 m– 36, 266, 48; 16 m– 87, 168, 48; 500 m– 270, 6558, 948 for small CZ pop., large FI pop., large CZ pop., respectively. Long distances among clones (> 16 m) were found only in all FI populations (blue arrow).</p

Spatial autocorrelation analysis based on microsatellite data.

<p>Populations of <i>Crossocalyx hellerianus</i> were divided into three categories (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0133134#pone.0133134.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>): small CZ pop., large FI pop., large CZ pop. The Nason’s kinship coefficients (F_ij) are positioned along the X-axis at the mean pairwise distance within each distance class. Vertical bars show standard errors. Significance of average F values is marked as *** <i>P</i> < 0.001; ** <i>P</i> < 0.01; * <i>P</i> < 0.05.</p

The studied species <i>Crossocalyx hellerianus</i>.

<p>Pictures from Vesijako Strict Nature Reserve (A) overgrown log of <i>C</i>. <i>hellerianus</i>, (B) <i>C</i>. <i>hellerianus</i> in detail. Light microscope pictures (C) gemmiparous shoot, (D) perianth, (E) gemmae.</p

Genetic differentiation.

<p>Genetic differentiation among populations between and within the two geographic areas based on pairwise R_ST values.</p

List of study populations with quantitative data.

<p>List of study populations with quantitative data.</p

Comparison of Genetic Structure of Epixylic Liverwort <i>Crossocalyx hellerianus</i> between Central European and Fennoscandian Populations

<div><p>Patterns of genetic variation and spatial genetic structure (SGS) were investigated in <i>Crossocalyx hellerianus</i>, a strictly epixylic dioicous liverwort (Scapaniaceae <i>s</i>.<i>l</i>., Marchantiophyta). Studied populations were located in Fennoscandia and Central Europe, with localities differing in availability of substrate and the population connectivity, and their populations consequently different in size, density, and prevailing reproductive mode. A set of nine polymorphic microsatellites was successfully developed and used. Identical individuals were only found within populations. Especially in large populations, the majority of the individuals were genetically unique. Resampled number of genotypes, mean number of observed alleles per locus after rarefaction, and Nei’s gene diversity in large populations reached high values and ranged between 4.41–4.97, 3.13–4.45, and 0.94–0.99, respectively. On the contrary, the values in small populations were lower and ranged between 1.00–4.42, 1.00–2.73, and 0.00–0.95, respectively. As expected, large populations were found to be more genetically diverse than small populations but relatively big diversity of genotypes was also found in small populations. This indicated that even small populations are important sources of genetic variation in bryophytes and processes causing loss of genetic variation might be compensated by other sources of variability, of which somatic mutations might play an important role. The presence of SGS was discovered in all populations. Large populations possessed less SGS, with individuals showing a pronounced decrease in kinship over 50 cm of distance. Apparent SGS of small populations even at distances up to 16 meters suggests the aggregation of similar genotypes, caused predominantly by the deposition of asexually formed gemmae. Although no strong kinship was detectable at the distances over 16 meters in both small and large populations, identical genotypes were occasionally detected at longer distances (20–80 m), suggesting effective dispersal of asexual propagules.</p></div

Microsatellite primers for the cryptic species of the moss <i>Hamatocaulis vernicosus</i> and methods for their quick barcoding

Microsatellite primers for the cryptic species of the moss <i>Hamatocaulis vernicosus</i> and methods for their quick barcodin

The distribution of genetic variation based on the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA).

<p>Significance of <i>F</i> values is marked as *** <i>P</i> < 0.001; ** <i>P</i> < 0.01.</p><p>The distribution of genetic variation based on the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA).</p

Genetic diversity indices for <i>Crossocalyx hellerianus</i> populations.

<p>(A) Sample size (N), number of genotypes (N_g) and number of recurrent genotypes (N_rg, i.e. those occurring more than once) computed for all samples in each population. (B) Resampled values of number of genotypes (N_g), mean number of observed alleles per locus (N_a) after rarefaction, and Nei’s gene diversity (Ĥ). Abbreviations of localities correspond to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0133134#pone.0133134.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Linkage disequilibrium, maximum distance between the same MLG, % of patches with perianths.

<p>Linkage disequilibrium (significance of r_d values is marked as *** <i>P</i> < 0.001; ** <i>P</i> < 0.01) based on data at nine microsatellite loci in <i>Crossocalyx hellerianus</i>, maximum distance between samples of the same multilocus genotype, and percentage of patches with perianths. Locality R comprised a single multilocus genotype.</p><p>Linkage disequilibrium, maximum distance between the same MLG, % of patches with perianths.</p