Wind assistance for six swifts <i>Apus apus</i> during spring migration calculated for four different pressure levels (925, 850, 700 and 500 hPa, respectively) representing altitudes 750 m, 1500 m, 3000 m and 5000 m, respectively.

<p>Tailwinds are shown in normal font and headwinds are shown in bold font.</p>*<p>Did not make stopover in Liberia.</p

Travel rate for migrating swifts in relation to latitude.

<p>Daily travel rate in relation to latitude calculated for 3-day segments for six migrating swifts for periods of actual travel during (A) autumn and (B) spring migration, respectively. The curves show second degree polynomial fitted to the data: (A) U_trav = 155.5+15.6 Lat –0.29 Lat², with maximum travel rate at latitude 27.1°N; (B) U_trav = 278.4+19.3 Lat –0.39 Lat², with maximum travel rate at latitude 24.8°N.</p

Migration tracks of swifts.

<p>(A) Autumn migration tracks for 6 individuals where filled circles represent 3-day average positions and filled yellow circles represent stopover periods when the bird did not move (2 days or more). Dotted lines indicate lack of data around autumn equinox. (B) Spring migration tracks for the same birds as in (A).</p

Average key numbers of migration for swifts <i>Apus apus</i> as recorded using light-level geolocators, N = 6.

<p>Average key numbers of migration for swifts <i>Apus apus</i> as recorded using light-level geolocators, N = 6.</p

Determinations of the relative amounts of Ogawa antigen in LPS preparations of the generated Hikojima strains MS1568 and MS1580 based on amounts of methylated and un–methylated perosamine analyzed with mass spectrometry in relation to similar analyses of LPS preparations from reference Inaba Phil6973 and Ogawa Cairo 50 strains.

<p>The area under the curve for the methylated part (m/z ratio 756.6) divided by the area under the curve for the non–methylated part (m/z ratio 742.6) subtracted with the background (this ratio from the Inaba strain Phil6973) was used for the two Hikojima strain (MS1568 and MS1580) LPS preparations to calculate their percentage of Ogawa LPS (compared to the 100% Ogawa in the LPS from the Cairo50 reference strain). Diagrams are from one of 3 such experiments showing closely similar patterns and with the calculated mean ± SEM percentages Ogawa antigen indicated for MS1568 and MS1580.</p

Colony blot results.

<p>O1 Inaba <i>V. cholerae</i> strain JS1569 was transformed with expression plasmids carrying different mutant <i>wbeT</i> genes. Different mutations in the <i>wbeT</i> gene give different levels of expression of the Ogawa antigen as seen by different levels of staining following labelling with Ogawa–specific antibodies. The plasmids were isolated and the <i>wbeT</i> genes sequenced. The mutations present in the different clones are indicated.</p

Bacterial strains and plasmids used in the current study.

<p>Bacterial strains and plasmids used in the current study.</p

Primer and Oligonucleotide used for cloning and analysis of the wbeT gene.

<p>Primer and Oligonucleotide used for cloning and analysis of the wbeT gene.</p

Intestinal–mucosal IgA anti–LPS and serum vibriocidal antibody responses elicited by two rounds of oral immunizations in Balb/c mice two weeks apart with formalin–killed MS1568 and MS1580 whole cell vaccines as compared to Dukoral vaccines; immunizations and collection of tissue specimens are fully described in Materials and Methods.

<p>(A) IgA anti–LPS antibody levels in fecal extracts (expressed as units per mg of total IgA measured by ELISA); and (B) the same in small intestinal tissue extracts. (C) Serum vibriocidal antibody responses against Inaba test organisms; and (D) the same against Ogawa test organisms. Bars represent the pooled results (geometric mean values ± SEM) from two separate experiments in Balb/c mice, each with 8 animals per group. Analyses of data by ANOVA showed that post–immunization antibody levels did not differ significantly between any of the immunization groups.</p

Comparison of intestinal–mucosal IgA anti–LPS and serum vibriocidal antibody responses elicited by oral immunization with formalin–killed MS1568 or Dukoral vaccines in CD1 mice.

<p>(A) IgA anti–LPS antibody levels measured by ELISA in fecal extracts (dashed) and in small intestinal tissue extracts (striped) after two rounds of intragastric immunizations and (B) same after three rounds as described in Material and Methods. (C) Serum vibriocidal antibody responses against Inaba (filled) and Ogawa (open) test organisms after two and (D) three rounds of immunizations. Bars show geometric mean values and SEM for 7 animals per group. As tested with ANOVA, post–immunization antibody levels did not differ significantly between any of the different immunization groups.</p