Numerical Thermal Analysis and 2-D CFD Evaluation Model for An Ideal Cryogenic Regenerator

Regenerative cryocoolers such as Stirling, Gifford–McMahon, and pulse tube cryocoolers possess great merits such as small size, low cost, high reliability, and good cooling capacity. These merits led them to meet many IR and superconducting based application requirements. The regenerator is a vital element in these closed-cycle cryocoolers, but the overall performance depends strongly on the effectiveness of the regenerator. This paper presents a one-dimensional numerical analysis for the idealized thermal equations of the matrix and the working gas inside the regenerator. The algorithm predicts the temperature profiles for the gas during the heating and cooling periods, along with the matrix nodal temperatures. It examines the effect of the regenerator’s length and diameter, the matrix’s geometric parameters, the number of heat transfer units, and the volumetric flow rate, on the performance of an ideal regenerator. This paper proposes a 2D axisymmetric CFD model to evaluate the ideal regenerator model and to validate its findings

A field focusing butterfly stripline detects NMR at higher signal-to-noise ratio

We present a compact tuned magnetic resonance detector that merges the conductor topology of a butterfly coil with that of a stripline, thereby increasing the magnetic field intensity per unit current, which increases the detection signal-to-noise ratio for mass-limited samples by a factor of 2. The s-parameter measurements further reveal improved radiofrequency shielding through the suppression of outside the coil when operated within an array of similar detectors. Simulations additionally show a sharper fall-off for the butterfly stripline outside the sensitive sample region. Our design is compatible with 2D planar manufacturing procedures, such as printed circuit board technology, and surface micromachining

Magnetostatic reciprocity for MR magnet design

Electromagnetic reciprocity has long been a staple in magnetic resonance (MR) radio-frequency development, offering geometrical insights and a figure of merit for various resonator designs. In a similar manner, we use magnetostatic reciprocity to compute manufacturable solutions of complex magnet geometries, by establishing a quantitative metric for the placement and subsequent orientation of discrete pieces of permanent magnetic material. Based on magnetostatic theory and non-linear finite element modelling (FEM) simulations, it is shown how assembled permanent magnet setups perform in the embodiment of a variety of designs and how magnetostatic reciprocity is leveraged in the presence of difficulties associated with self-interactions, to fulfil various design objectives, including self-assembled micro-magnets, adjustable magnetic arrays, and an unbounded magnetic field intensity in a small volume, despite realistic saturation field strengths

Advanced Microfluidic Assays for Caenorhabditis elegans

The in vivo analysis of a model organism, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, enables fundamental biomedical studies, including development, genetics, and neurobiology. In recent years, microfluidics technology has emerged as an attractive and enabling tool for the study of the multicellular organism. Advances in the application of microfluidics to C. elegans assays facilitate the manipulation of nematodes in high-throughput format and allow for the precise spatial and temporal control of their environment. In this chapter, we aim to illustrate the current microfluidic approaches for the investigation of behavior and neurobiology in C. elegans and discuss the trends of future development

Taxonomy for engineered living materials

Engineered living materials (ELMs) are the most relevant contemporary revolution in materials science and engineering and aim to outperform current examples of “smart,” active, or multifunctional materials, enabling countless industrial and societal applications. The “living” materials facilitate unique properties, including autonomy, intelligent responses, self-repair, and even self-replication. Within this dawning field, current literature has classified ELMs mainly into biological ELMs (bio-ELMs), which are solely made of cells, and hybrid living materials (HLMs), consisting of abiotic scaffold and living cells. Considering that the most relevant feature of ELMs is the living cell colonies or micro-organisms, we consider that ELMs should be classified and presented differently, more related to life taxonomies than to materials science disciplines. Toward solving the current need for the classification of ELMs, this study presents the first complete proposal of taxonomy for these ELMs. Here, life taxonomies and materials classifications are hybridized hierarchically. Once the proposed taxonomy is explained, its applicability is illustrated by classifying several examples of bio-ELMs and HLMs, and its utility for guiding research in this field is analyzed. Finally, possible modifications and improvements are discussed, and a call for collaboration is launched for progressing in this complex and multidisciplinary field