Serum HMGB1 levels during the PIVENS trial in the three treatment groups.

<p>At baseline, serum HMGB1 levels among the three treatment groups were similar. <b>Top panel:</b> Serum HMGB1 levels did not change significantly during treatment either with placebo, vitamin E therapy (<i>P</i> = 0.81) or pioglitazone (<i>P</i> = 0.09). <b>Middle panel:</b> Serum HMGB1 levels did not differ among individuals with or without histological improvement irrespective of treatment assignment during study duration (<i>P</i> = 0.85). <b>Bottom panel:</b> Similarly, serum HMGB1 levels did not differ among individuals with or without resolution of NASH irrespective of treatment assignment during study duration (<i>P</i> = 0.29).</p

Serum HMGB1 levels during the TONIC trial in the three treatment groups.

<p>At baseline, serum HMGB1 levels among the three treatment groups were similar. <b>Top panel:</b> serum HMGB1 levels did not change significantly during treatment either with placebo, metformin (<i>P</i> = 0.15) or vitamin E (<i>P</i> = 0.23) therapy. <b>Middle panel:</b> Serum HMGB1 levels did not differ among individuals with or without treatment response (per protocol) during study duration (<i>P</i> = 0.29), irrespective of treatment assignment. <b>Bottom panel:</b> Similarly, serum HMGB1 levels did not differ among individuals during study duration with or without resolution of NASH (<i>P</i> = 0.19) irrespective of treatment assignment.</p

Change in serum HMGB1 in paired samples (baseline and 96 weeks) in PIVENS and TONIC participants by Treatment Group.

<p>Change in serum HMGB1 in paired samples (baseline and 96 weeks) in PIVENS and TONIC participants by Treatment Group.</p

Cross-sectional relationship between serum HMGB1 and various histological features in adults and children with NAFLD.

<p>Cross-sectional relationship between serum HMGB1 and various histological features in adults and children with NAFLD.</p

Clinical, Demographic, and Biochemical Risk Factors for Persistently High Blood Pressure.

<p>Abbreviations: OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, BMI = body mass index, GGT = gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, LDL = low-density lipoprotein.</p>a<p>Persistently high blood pressure was defined as systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≧95th percentile for age, sex and height or the use of antihypertensive medication at both baseline and 48 weeks. Blood pressure percentiles were computed as instructed in The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents.</p>b<p><i>P</i> values and 95% CI were obtained from Wald statistics.</p><p>Clinical, Demographic, and Biochemical Risk Factors for Persistently High Blood Pressure.</p

Persistently High Blood Pressure in Children with NAFLD—Baseline Characteristics.

<p>Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index, ALT = alanine aminotransferase, AST =  aspartate aminotransferase, GGT = gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, LDL = low-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR = homeostasis model of assessment - insulin resistance.</p>a<p>We defined persistently high blood pressure as systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≧95th percentile for age, sex and height or the use of antihypertensive medication at both baseline and 48 week follow-up. Blood pressure percentiles were computed as instructed in The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents.</p>b<p>P values determined from chi square tests for categorical variables and from two-sample Wilcoxon rank sum tests for continuous variables due to the presence of non-normality.</p>c<p>Age range from 2–17 years.</p>d<p>HOMA-IR units are (mg/dL × IU/mL/405).</p><p>Persistently High Blood Pressure in Children with NAFLD—Baseline Characteristics.</p

Clinical, Demographic, and Biochemical Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure at Baseline.

<p>Abbreviations: OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval, BMI = body mass index, GGT = gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, LDL = low-density lipoprotein.</p>a<p>High blood pressure was defined as systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≧95th percentile for age, sex and height or the use of antihypertensive medication. Blood pressure percentiles were computed as instructed in The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents.</p>b<p><i>P</i> values and 95% CI were obtained from Wald statistics.</p><p>Clinical, Demographic, and Biochemical Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure at Baseline.</p

Flowchart shows the application of study inclusion and exclusion criteria.

<p>Flowchart shows the application of study inclusion and exclusion criteria.</p

High Blood Pressure in Children with NAFLD—Baseline Characteristics.

<p>Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index, ALT = alanine aminotransferase, AST =  aspartate aminotransferase, GGT = gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, LDL = low-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR = homeostasis model of assessment - insulin resistance</p>a<p>We defined high blood pressure as systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≧95th percentile for age, sex and height or the use of antihypertensive medication. Blood pressure percentiles were computed as instructed in The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents.</p>b<p>P values determined from chi square tests for categorical variables and from two-sample Wilcoxon rank sum tests for continuous variables due to the presence of non-normality.</p>c<p>Age range from 2–17 years.</p>d<p>HOMA-IR units are (mg/dL×IU/mL/405).</p><p>High Blood Pressure in Children with NAFLD—Baseline Characteristics.</p

Additional file 5: of Transcriptomic signatures reveal immune dysregulation in human diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis

Table S5. Differentially expressed genes common in diabetic gastroparesis and diabetic controls and idiopathic gastroparesis and controls. (XLSX 107 kb