Location of the vertical-looking radars.

<p>The radars at Rothamsted, Hertfordshire (shaded) and Chilbolton, Hampshire (white-filled) are shown. The arrow indicates that the Euclidean distance between the sites is 104 km.</p

Linear regressions.

<p>Fitted and observed relationships with 95% confidence intervals between Chilbolton and Rothamsted logged displacement speeds by period: A. early period; B. late period, and, Chilbolton and Rothamsted square-root transformed insect densities by period: C. early period, D. late period.</p

Time/height plots for numbers of insects recorded by a VLR at Cholbolton, Hampshire, UK.

<p>The colour scale bar refers to the number of individually-resolvable insects detected by the radar at each sampling height in each 5-minute period. The X-axis shows time of day (GMT), and the ‘early’ and ‘late’ analysis periods are indicated. A. Insect densities on a warm day (05 September 2004), when air temperatures at 10 m, 150 m and 600 m were 24.7°C, 22.8°C and 18.5°C respectively. B. Insect densities on a much cooler day (15 September 2004), when air temperatures at 10 m, 150 m and 600 m were 15.4°C, 13.2°C and 8.8°C respectively. Substantial density was constrained to time-periods and altitudes where air temperatures were relatively warm. Air temperatures were obtained from the UK Met Office's ‘Unified Model’ <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054202#pone.0054202-Wood1" target="_blank">[14]</a>.</p

Lorenz curves for insect displacement speeds and densities by period.

<p>Lorenz curves for insect displacement speeds and densities by period.</p

Effect of fructose on cardiomyocyte contractility.

<p><b>A.</b> Maximum rate of cardiomyocyte shortening (max dL/dt_S). <b>B.</b> Maximum rate of cardiomyocyte lengthening (max dL/dt_L). Data presented as mean ± s.e.m. n = 10–28 cells/group. *p&lt;0.05 (1-way ANOVA, Newman-Keuls post-hoc test).</p

Altered myocyte shortening-Ca²⁺ relationship.

<p><b>A.</b> Correlation of area of the total twitch cycle normalized to peak shortening (A_T/PS) and Ca²⁺ transient duration for myocytes superfused under control glucose conditions (R² = 0.416; *p&lt;0.05). <b>B.</b> Correlation of area of the total twitch cycle normalized to peak shortening (A_T/PS) and Ca²⁺ transient duration for myocytes superfused under 2 DG conditions (R² = 0.028; p = ns). <b>C.</b> Correlation of area of the total twitch cycle normalized to peak shortening (A_T/PS) and Ca²⁺ transient duration for myocytes superfused under fructose +2 DG conditions (R² = 0.002; p = ns).</p

Baseline twitch and Ca²⁺ transient parameters.

<p><b>A.</b> Diastolic cell length. <b>B.</b> Diastolic Ca²⁺ levels. Data presented as mean ± s.e.m. n = 10–28 cells/group.</p

GLUT5 gene expression in cardiomyocytes.

<p><b>A.</b> Real time PCR fluorescence depicting GLUT5 (Slc2a5) gene expression relative to 18S in adult rat isolated cardiomyocytes, heart and small intestine (positive control). <b>B.</b> DNA gel image from conventional RT-PCR of GLUT5 (Slc2a5) in rat heart tissue and isolated cardiomyocytes. GLUT5 primers were designed to obtain a 481 bp PCR product. Small intestine (‘int’) tissue was used as a positive control. Negative control (‘neg’) was obtained by RNA that was not reverse-transcribed to cDNA.</p

Effect of acute fructose on cardiomyocyte shortening and Ca²⁺ handling kinetics.

<p><b>A.</b> Area of the shortening phase of the twitch cycle normalized to peak shortening (A_S/PS) <b>B.</b> Time to peak Ca²⁺ transient relative to electrical stimulus. <b>C.</b> Area of the lengthening phase of the twitch cycle normalized to peak shortening (A_L/PS). <b>D.</b> Time constant of Ca²⁺ transient decay (Tau). <b>E.</b> Area of the total twitch cycle normalized to peak shortening (A_T/PS). <b>F.</b> Duration of the Ca²⁺ transient (time from stimulus to 90% Ca²⁺ transient decay). Data presented as mean ± s.e.m. n = 10–28 cells/group. *p&lt;0.05 (1-way ANOVA, Newman-Keuls post-hoc test).</p

Cardiomyocyte excitation-contraction coupling analysis.

<p><b>A.</b> Parameters used to describe the myocyte twitch cycle were peak shortening (PS, µm), peak shortening normalized to diastolic cell length (%PS), area of the shortening phase (A_S, µm*ms), area of the lengthening phase (A_L, µm*ms) and area of the total twitch cycle (A_T = A_S+A_L, µm*ms). Area values were determined between baseline and cell length and were normalized to peak shortening amplitude (A_S/PS, A_L/PS, A_T/PS; µm*ms/µm) in order to compare the relative periods of the shortening and relaxation periods in different myocytes. <b>B.</b> Parameters used to describe the Ca²⁺ transient were amplitude (nM), time to peak (ms), time constant of decay (Tau, ms) fit from 10% below transient peak, and duration (to 90% Ca²⁺ transient decay, ms). Transient timing parameters (time to peak and duration) were referenced to time of stimulus delivery.</p