Sample selection process.

<p>Sample selection process.</p

Geographic distribution of human influenza cases.

<p>Geographic distribution of human influenza cases.</p

Age and gender distribution of sampled cases compared to all cases reported to NAIS in 28 provinces.

<p>Age and gender distribution of sampled cases compared to all cases reported to NAIS in 28 provinces.</p

Human influenza cases and deaths reported by National Avian Influenza Surveillance.

1<p>All deaths also reviewed.</p

Sa Kaeo and Nakhon Phanom Provinces in Thailand.

<p>Sa Kaeo and Nakhon Phanom Provinces in Thailand.</p

Age-specific incidence of influenza pneumonia 2005.

<p>(n = 534), 2006 (n = 147), 2007 (n = 243), 2008 (n = 203).</p

Estimated Annual Influenza Pneumonia Hospital Admissions and In-Hospital Deaths in Thailand, 2005-2008.

1<p>Adjusted for patients who were eligible but who were not enrolled.</p>2<p>As with 2005-2007, these estimates include only pneumonia patients with a chest radiograph.</p

Dengue seroprevalence and force of primary infection in a representative population of urban dwelling Indonesian children

<div><p>Background</p><p>Indonesia reports the second highest dengue disease burden in the world; these data are from passive surveillance reports and are likely to be significant underestimates. Age-stratified seroprevalence data are relatively unbiased indicators of past exposure and allow understanding of transmission dynamics.</p><p>Methodology/Principal Findings</p><p>To better understand dengue infection history and associated risk factors in Indonesia, a representative population-based cross-sectional dengue seroprevalence study was conducted in 1–18-year-old urban children. From October to November 2014, 3,210 children were enrolled from 30 geographically dispersed clusters. Serum samples were tested for anti-dengue IgG antibodies by indirect ELISA. A questionnaire investigated associations between dengue serologic status and household socio-demographic and behavioural factors. Overall, 3,194 samples were tested, giving an adjusted national seroprevalence in this urban population of 69.4% [95% CI: 64.4–74.3] (33.8% [95% CI: 26.4–41.2] in the 1–4-year-olds, 65.4% [95% CI: 69.1–71.7] in the 5–9-year-olds, 83.1% [95% CI: 77.1–89.0] in the 10–14-year-olds, and 89.0% [95% CI: 83.9–94.1] in the 15–18-year–olds). The median age of seroconversion estimated through a linear model was 4.8 years. Using a catalytic model and considering a constant force of infection we estimated 13.1% of children experience a primary infection per year. Through a hierarchical logistic multivariate model, the subject’s age group (1–4 vs 5–9 OR = 4.25; 1–4 vs. 10–14 OR = 12.60; and 1–4 vs 15–18 OR = 21.87; p<0.0001) and the number of cases diagnosed in the household since the subject was born (p = 0.0004) remained associated with dengue serological status.</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>This is the first dengue seroprevalence study in Indonesia that is targeting a representative sample of the urban paediatric population. This study revealed that more than 80% of children aged 10 years or over have experienced dengue infection at least once. Prospective incidence studies would likely reveal dengue burdens far in excess of reported incidence rates.</p></div

Seasonal distribution of influenza positive pneumonia 2005–2008.

<p>(n = 1,346 influenza positive among 13,110 pneumonia cases).</p

Mean age-specific dengue antibody seroprevalence distribution and 95% confidence interval.

<p>Mean age-specific dengue antibody seroprevalence distribution and 95% confidence interval.</p