Effects of pre-exercise carbohydrate consumption on metabolism during exercise

It is well documented that consuming carbohydrates (CHO) prior to exercise has been shown to alter metabolism. There are many ways that CHO ingestion affects substrate utilization and blood glucose dynamics at the start of exercise. Changes in the concentrations of blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, free fatty acids (FFAs) as well as varying utilizations of different substrates have been observed. Each of these responses is reflective of the body’s capacity to maintain homeostasis through different physiological conditions and demands. PURPOSE: The aim is to deduce how varying amounts (approximately 0, 12.5, 25 and 50g for a 70 kg person) of pre-exercise sucrose ingestion effects metabolism including blood glucose concentration and fat oxidation during 30 minutes of moderate intense exercise. METHODS: This will be a randomized crossover study. After the initial assessment of baseline data (VO2peak), participants will be asked to perform four cycling trials at 50% of VO2peak for 30 minutes. Forty-five minutes before each exercise trial, participants will consume 0, 12.5, 25 and 50g (for a 70kg person) of sucrose. VO2 and VCO2 will be collected for 15 minutes prior to exercise and for the entire 30 minutes of cycling. Blood glucose will be obtained through the finger prick method and collected directly prior to exercise, 5, 15 and 30 minutes into cycling. Heart rate and rate of perceived exertion will be measured every 5 minutes of exercise. DISCUSSION: It is speculated that a small dose (12.5g for a 70kg person) of pre-exercise sucrose consumption will be able to demonstrate a decline in blood glucose concentration during exercise with a step-wise reduction in fat oxidation. This dose response curve will display the sensitivity of metabolism to ingested sucrose.Kinesiology and Health Educatio

Named relations: A universal in the pragmatics of reference within the kin group

Anthropolog

A Numerical Model of Crossed Andreev Reflection and Charge Imbalance

We present a numerical model of local and nonlocal transport properties in a lateral spin valve structure consisting of two magnetic electrodes in contact with a third perpendicular superconducting electrode. By considering the transport paths for a single electron incident at the local F/S interface - in terms of probabilities of crossed or local Andreev reflection, elastic cotunneling or quasiparticle transport - we show that this leads to nonlocal charge imbalance. We compare this model with experimental data from an aluminum-permalloy (Al/Py) lateral spin valve geometry device and demonstrate the effectiveness of this simple approach in replicating experimental behavior.Comment: 9 pages, 14 figure

Modeling Non-Stationary Processes Through Dimension Expansion

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to modeling nonstationary spatial fields. The proposed method works by expanding the geographic plane over which these processes evolve into higher dimensional spaces, transforming and clarifying complex patterns in the physical plane. By combining aspects of multi-dimensional scaling, group lasso, and latent variables models, a dimensionally sparse projection is found in which the originally nonstationary field exhibits stationarity. Following a comparison with existing methods in a simulated environment, dimension expansion is studied on a classic test-bed data set historically used to study nonstationary models. Following this, we explore the use of dimension expansion in modeling air pollution in the United Kingdom, a process known to be strongly influenced by rural/urban effects, amongst others, which gives rise to a nonstationary field

Non-tariff barriers in EAC customs union: implications for trade between Uganda and other EAC countries

A key objective for the adoption of East African Community (EAC) Customs Union was to enhance economic gains through elimination of tariffs and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) within the member states. This study has established that several NTBs continue to exist, and some have persisted. The NTBs that have persisted for more than three years include a long list of customs documentation requirements, cumbersome formalities, and limited testing and certification arrangements. Other NTBs that still exist include: un-standardized weighbridges; several road blocks; lack of recognition of individual country’s standards; and the existence of several un-harmonised standards. The simulation results of spatial equilibrium model of maize trade with and without NTBs show that at the EAC level there are positive production, trade and welfare implications attributable to elimination of NTBs in intra-regional maize trade. The gains are greatest in trade and production in Uganda compared to Kenya and Tanzania. To eliminate the existing NTBs and to reduce the possibility of new ones being created, first and foremost, the EAC countries need to design effective mechanisms for identifying and verifying information about NTBs and ensuring their elimination. This will require giving the EAC Secretariat the mandate to compel individual countries to eliminate any identified NTB and to ensure that no new ones are created. Second, policy and legislative decisions made by, for example, Council of Ministers should be communicated in time for effective implementation...Non-tariff barriers, East African Community, EPRC, Uganda, Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Consumer/Household Economics, Financial Economics, Industrial Organization, Labor and Human Capital, Productivity Analysis, Public Economics,

Computerizing occupational safety and health information

Various regulations increase the responsibility of employers to retain appropriate safety and health information, for as long as several years. Handling this increasing volume of safety and health information manually is impractical, time consuming and hence, not at all cost effective. The purpose of this research is to examine the various aspects of computerizing safety and health information, and to evaluate a number of commercially available safety software packages. This paper initially discusses the impact of OSHA on retaining safety and health information, and the different areas which can benefit from computerization. It also provides guidelines to analyze existing safety and health information systems in an establishment, and develops general guidelines for selecting and developing a computerized safety and health information system. The work concludes with an analysis of nine of the most widely used commercially available safety software packages using data obtained from product catalogues and demo diskettes

Divergent Perspectives on Expert Disagreement: Preliminary Evidence from Climate Science, Climate Policy, Astrophysics, and Public Opinion

We report the results of an exploratory study that examines the judgments of climate scientists, climate policy experts, astrophysicists, and non-experts (N = 3367) about the factors that contribute to the creation and persistence of disagreement within climate science and astrophysics and about how one should respond to expert disagreement. We found that, as compared to non-experts, climate experts believe that within climate science (i) there is less disagreement about climate change, (ii) methodological factors play less of a role in generating disagreements, (iii) fewer personal or institutional biases influence climate research, and (iv) there is more agreement about which methods should be used to examine relevant phenomena we also observed that the uniquely American political context predicted experts’ judgments about some of these factors. We also found that, in regard to disagreements concerning cosmic ray physics, and commensurate with the greater inherent uncertainty and data lacunae in their field, astrophysicists working on cosmic rays were generally more willing to acknowledge expert disagreement, more open to the idea that a set of data can have multiple valid interpretations, and generally less quick to dismiss someone articulating a non-standard view as non-expert, than climate scientists were in regard to climate science