Using video-annotation software to identify interactions in group therapies for schizophrenia: assessing reliability and associations with outcomes

BACKGROUND: Research has shown that interactions in group therapies for people with schizophrenia are associated with a reduction in negative symptoms. However, it is unclear which specific interactions in groups are linked with these improvements. The aims of this exploratory study were to i) develop and test the reliability of using video-annotation software to measure interactions in group therapies in schizophrenia and ii) explore the relationship between interactions in group therapies for schizophrenia with clinically relevant changes in negative symptoms. METHODS: Video-annotation software was used to annotate interactions from participants selected across nine video-recorded out-patient therapy groups (N = 81). Using the Individual Group Member Interpersonal Process Scale, interactions were coded from participants who demonstrated either a clinically significant improvement (N = 9) or no change (N = 8) in negative symptoms at the end of therapy. Interactions were measured from the first and last sessions of attendance (>25 h of therapy). Inter-rater reliability between two independent raters was measured. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between the frequency of interactive behaviors and changes in negative symptoms, assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. RESULTS: Of the 1275 statements that were annotated using ELAN, 1191 (93%) had sufficient audio and visual quality to be coded using the Individual Group Member Interpersonal Process Scale. Rater-agreement was high across all interaction categories (>95% average agreement). A higher frequency of self-initiated statements measured in the first session was associated with improvements in negative symptoms. The frequency of questions and giving advice measured in the first session of attendance was associated with improvements in negative symptoms; although this was only a trend. CONCLUSION: Video-annotation software can be used to reliably identify interactive behaviors in groups for schizophrenia. The results suggest that proactive communicative gestures, as assessed by the video-analysis, predict outcomes. Future research should use this novel method in larger and clinically different samples to explore which aspects of therapy facilitate such proactive communication early on in therapy

Additional file 1: of High quality draft genome sequence of Corynebacterium ulceribovis type strain IMMIB-L1395T (DSM 45146T)

Biosynthesis of riboflavin and FAD. I: Guanosine 5’-triphosphate; II: 2,5-Diamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one; III: 5-Amino-6-(5’-phosphoribosylamino)uracil; IV: 5-Amino-6-(5’-phospho-D-ribitylamino)uracil; V: 5-Amino-6-(1-D-ribitylamino)uracil; VI: D-Ribulose 5-phosphate; VII: 2-Hyroxy-3-oxobutyl phosphate; VIII: 6,7-Dimethyl-8-(D-ribityl)lumazine; IX: Riboflavin; X: Flavin mononucleotide; XI: Flavin adenine dinucleotide; [EC:3.5.4.25]: GTP cyclohydrolase II; [EC:3.5.4.26]: diaminohydroxyphosphoribosylaminopyrimidine deaminase; [EC:1.1.1.193]: 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil reductase; [EC:3.1.3.-]: phosphoric monoester hydrolases; [EC:4.1.99.12]: 3,4-dihydroxy 2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase; [EC:2.5.1.78]: 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase; [EC:2.5.1.9]: riboflavin synthase; [EC:2.7.1.26]: riboflavin kinase; [EC:2.7.7.2]: FAD synthase. (EPS 228 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Comparing polysaccharide decomposition between the type strains Gramella echinicola KMM 6050T (DSM 19838T) and Gramella portivictoriae UST040801-001T (DSM 23547T), and emended description of Gramella echinicola Nedashkovskaya et al. 2005 emend. Shahina et al. 2014 and Gramella portivictoriae Lau et al. 2005

Peptidases or homologues in the genome of Gramella echinicola DSM 19838T. Table S2. Simple peptidases inhibitors in the genome of Gramella echinicola DSM 19838T. Table S3. Peptidases or homologues in the genome of Gramella portivictoriae DSM 23547T. Table S4. Simple peptidases inhibitors in the genome of Gramella portivictoriae DSM 23547T. Table S5. Carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) in the genome of Gramella echinicola DSM 19838T. Table S6. Carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) in the genome of Gramella portivictoriae DSM 23547T. (PDF 261 kb

<i>S. turcica</i> has an ortholog of the <i>C. carbonum</i> NRPS HTS1 responsible for HC-toxin biosynthesis.

<p>A. Gene annotation and comparisons of the <i>S. turcica</i>, <i>P. tritici-repentis</i>, and <i>F. semitectum</i> regions carrying orthologs of the HC-toxin locus genes in <i>C. carbonum</i> strain SB111. Protein designations (color coded) correspond to <i>C. carbonum</i> and <i>F. semitectum</i> (APS) nomenclature. HTS1 is an NRPS, ToxA, E, F correspond to efflux pump, DNA-binding, and branched chain amino acid transaminase, proteins, respectively, and FAS α is a fatty acid synthase alpha subunit. Tox C (FAS beta subunit), ToxD (dehydrogenase), and ToxG (alanine racemase) in the cluster in <i>C. carbonum</i>, are not clustered in the other species but map to different scaffolds in the <i>S. turcica</i> and <i>P. tritici-repentis</i> assemblies. In <i>C. carbonum</i>, all of the known genes required for HC-toxin production are multicopy, in two linked, but separated clusters in a 600 kb region in isolate SB111; the genes are absent from toxin non-producing <i>C. carbonum</i> isolates that have been examined <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003233#pgen.1003233-Ahn3" target="_blank">[122]</a>. B. Portions of the full phylogenetic tree (<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003233#pgen.1003233.s005" target="_blank">Figure S5A</a>) showing placement of the HTS1 AMPs, extracted from tree to the left. HTS1 has four AMP domains cartooned bottom left. Each <i>C. carbonum</i> AMP domain (red), groups, with high bootstrap support, with <i>S. turcica</i> protein 29755, a four AMP domain NRPS, (red), except for AMP4. In each of these matches, <i>C. carbonum</i> is represented twice, once by the SB111 AMP domain of the deposited sequence #AAA33023, and once as extracted by Augustus from our Illumina Velvet assembly of strain 26-R-13. Note all HTS1 AMP domains group separately one from another and AMP2 is distant from the others.</p

Comparative small secreted protein candidate effector inventories.

a<p>Total SSPs for all strains examined.</p>b<p>Total for each strain (e.g., <i>Ch</i> C5).</p

<i>C. heterostrophus</i> race O strain C5, race T strain C4, <i>C. sativus</i> and <i>S. turcica</i> genome statistics.

<p><i>C. heterostrophus</i> race O strain C5, race T strain C4, <i>C. sativus</i> and <i>S. turcica</i> genome statistics.</p

<i>C. heterostrophus</i> RFLP sequences anchor sequenced scaffolds to the genetic map.

<p>Genetic linkage groups determined by Tzeng <i>et al. </i><a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003233#pgen.1003233-Tzeng1" target="_blank">[8]</a>, are in light blue (linkage group numbers on the left). Assembled scaffolds from the reference C5 strain that could be anchored to each linkage group are in light green; numbers above are internal JGI identifiers (<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003233#pgen.1003233.s010" target="_blank">Table S2</a>). Black bars indicate the relative locations of RFLPs Tzeng et al. <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003233#pgen.1003233-Tzeng1" target="_blank">[8]</a> or feature, linked by dotted lines. The relative scale of genetic/physical distance was determined by calculating the average genetic/physical distance between consecutively placed RFLP markers (<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003233#pgen.1003233.s001" target="_blank">Figure S1</a>). Scaffold ends marked with a T contain telomeric sequence. Unplaced scaffolds are shown in pink. Maps are to scale and shown as centiMorgans (cM) or kilobases (kb).</p

Cartoon of cross-species phylogenomic analyses of individual ketosynthase domains from PKS proteins.

<p>The ketosynthase (KS) domains were extracted from all five <i>C. heterostrophus</i> and from the <i>C. victoriae</i>, <i>C. carbonum</i>, <i>C. miyabeanus</i>, <i>C. sativus</i> and <i>S. turcica</i> genomes. See <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003233#pgen-1003233-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a> for species designations, color codes and format. KS domains colored black and therefore absent in analyzed genomes include outgroups and KS domains in animal fatty acid synthases (FAS). KS domains not grouping with the previously annotated <i>C. heterostrophus</i> set are labeled as ‘New _1 through _10’. Gene/KS nomenclature and bootstrap values as described in <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003233#pgen-1003233-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a> and <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003233#pgen-1003233-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4</a> for AMP domains.</p

<i>C. heterostrophus</i> strain C5 SSP candidate effector analysis.

<p><i>C. heterostrophus</i> strain C5 SSP candidate effector analysis.</p

Statistics for short read re-sequenced Cochliobolus genomes.^a

a<p>Using Illumina technology.</p><p><i>Ch = C. heterostrophus</i>, <i>Cv = c. victoriae</i>, <i>Cc = C. carbonum</i>, <i>Cm = C. miyabeanus</i>.</p