Examines projections for healthcare costs associated with the obesity epidemic; policy solutions and proven cost-effective interventions for addressing it; and the need to improve the Congressional Budget Office's projections
Recent research has identified high hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence among older U.S. residents who contracted HCV decades ago and may no longer be recognized as high risk. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of screening 100% of U.S. residents born 1946-1970 over 5 years (birth-cohort screening), compared with current risk-based screening, by projecting costs and outcomes of screening over the remaining lifetime of this birth cohort. A Markov model of the natural history of HCV was developed using data synthesized from surveillance data, published literature, expert opinion, and other secondary sources. We assumed eligible patients were treated with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin, with genotype 1 patients receiving a direct-acting antiviral in combination. The target population is U.S. residents born 1946-1970 with no previous HCV diagnosis. Among the estimated 102 million (1.6 million chronically HCV infected) eligible for screening, birth-cohort screening leads to 84,000 fewer cases of decompensated cirrhosis, 46,000 fewer cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 10,000 fewer liver transplants, and 78,000 fewer HCV-related deaths. Birth-cohort screening leads to higher overall costs than risk-based screening (80.4billionversus53.7 billion), but yields lower costs related to advanced liver disease (31.2billionversus39.8 billion); birth-cohort screening produces an incremental costeffectiveness ratio (ICER) of 37,700perquality−adjustedlifeyeargainedversusriskbasedscreening.SensitivityanalysesshowedthatreducingthetimehorizonduringwhichhealthandeconomicconsequencesareevaluatedincreasestheICER;similarly,decreasingthetreatmentratesandefficacyincreasestheICER.Modelresultswererelativelyinsensitivetootherinputs.Conclusion:Birth−cohortscreeningforHCVislikelytoprovideimportanthealthbenefitsbyreducinglifetimecasesofadvancedliverdiseaseandHCV−relateddeathsandiscost−effectiveatconventionalwillingness−topaythresholds.(HEPATOLOGY2012;55:1344−1355HepatitisCvirus(HCV)isthemostcommonblood−borneviralinfectionintheUnitedStates,1affectinganestimated3.6millionU.S.residents.2Themajorityofinfectedindividualsdevelopchronichepatitis;persistentliverinjuryleadstocirrhosisin55 billion per year, 4 with projected HCV-related societal costs for the years 2010-2019 estimated to total $54.2 billion. 5 For the last decade, the standard of care for treating HCV has been the combination of pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV), 6 which successfully eradicates virus (sustained virologic response; SVR) in 40%-80% of treated patients
The Trellys project has produced several designs for practical dependently
typed languages. These languages are broken into two
fragments-a_logical_fragment where every term normalizes and which is
consistent when interpreted as a logic, and a_programmatic_fragment with
general recursion and other convenient but unsound features. In this paper, we
present a small example language in this style. Our design allows the
programmer to explicitly mention and pass information between the two
fragments. We show that this feature substantially complicates the metatheory
and present a new technique, combining the traditional Girard-Tait method with
step-indexed logical relations, which we use to show normalization for the
logical fragment.Comment: In Proceedings MSFP 2012, arXiv:1202.240