6,551 research outputs found
Tracing the Dynamics of Disk Galaxies with Optical and IR Surface Photometry: Color Gradients in M99
We present optical and IR surface photometry of M99 (NGC 4254) at g, r_S i, J
and K'. We also present a K' image of M51 (NGC 5194) for comparison. Fourier
decomposition of the disk light reveals that the radial distribution of power
depends on wavelength, which in turn implies that the spiral structure traced
in the visual (i.e. young population I and dust) is different from the one
detected at 2 microns (i.e. old stellar disk). We observe radial modulation of
the power and a dependency of power with wavelength that are consistent with
modal theory of spiral structure.
A central motivation for our research is the fundamental idea of density wave
theory that the passage of a spiral density wave triggers star formation. We
have found a stellar population age gradient consistent with this scenario in a
reddening-free, red supergiant-sensitive, Q-like photometric parameter at 6 kpc
galactocentric distance across one of the arms of M99. We rule out that the
change in this parameter, Q(r_SJgi), across the arm is mainly due to dust. The
difference in Q(r_SJgi) going from the interarm regions to the arms also
indicates that arms cannot be due exclusively to crowding of stellar orbits.
We present the first measurement of Omega_p, the angular speed of the spiral
pattern, and of the location of the corotation radius, derived from the drift
velocity of the young stars away from their birth site. The measured Q(r_SJgi)
implies a star formation rate for M99 within the range of 10-20 M_odot/yr; a
disk stellar mass surface density of ~80 M_odot/pc^2; and a maximum
contribution of ~20 percent from red supergiants to the K' light in a small
region, and much smaller on average. We measure a K' arm--interarm contrast of
2-3, too high for M99 to be a truly isolated galaxy.Comment: 25 pages of uuencoded, compressed Postscript (text only). To appear
in 1 April 1996 issue of The Astrophysical Journal. Also available, together
with 2 uuencoded, compressed PostScript files with 10 figures each, at
http://astro.berkeley.edu/preprints.htm
Keck Observations of the Most Distant Galaxy: 8C1435+63 at z=4.25
We report on Keck observations and confirm the redshift of the most distant
galaxy known: 8C1435+63 at z=4.25. The spectrum shows a strong Ly line,
a Ly forest continuum break and a continuum break at
\AA. The Ly emission is spatially extended and
roughly aligned with the radio source. The galaxy shows a double structure in
the -band (1500\AA) which is aligned with the radio
axis; the two -band components spatially coincide with the nuclear and
southern radio components. Some fraction of the band emission could be due
to a nonthermal process such as inverse compton scattering. In the -band
(4200\AA), which may be dominated by starlight, the
galaxy has a very low surface brightness, diffuse morphology. The
morphology shows little relationship to the radio source structure, although
the major axis of the emission is elongated roughly in the direction of the
radio source axis. The galaxian continuum is very red () and if the
continuum is due to starlight, implies a formation redshift of . We
speculate that this galaxy may be the progenitor of a present day cD galaxy.Comment: 4 pages + 4 figures; uuencoded tar compressed PostScript files;
figures and tables included. To appear in 1 Jan 1995 issue of The
Astrophysical Journal, Letters. Please direct requests/questions/comments to
[email protected]
An Infrared Camera for Leuschner Observatory and the Berkeley Undergraduate Astronomy Lab
We describe the design, fabrication, and operation of an infrared camera
which is in use at the 30-inch telescope of the Leuschner Observatory. The
camera is based on a Rockwell PICNIC 256 x 256 pixel HgCdTe array, which is
sensitive from 0.9-2.5 micron. The primary purpose of this telescope is for
undergraduate instruction. The cost of the camera has been minimized by using
commercial parts whereever practical. The camera optics are based on a modified
Offner relay which forms a cold pupil where stray thermal radiation from the
telescope is baffled. A cold, six-position filter wheel is driven by a
cryogenic stepper motor, thus avoiding any mechanical feed throughs. The array
control and readout electronics are based on standard PC cards; the only custom
component is a simple interface card which buffers the clocks and amplifies the
analog signals from the array.Comment: 13 pages, 17 figures. Submitted to Publications of the Astronomical
Society of the Pacific: 2001 Jan 10, Accepted 2001 Jan 1
Discovery of extreme asymmetry in the debris disk surrounding HD 15115
We report the first scattered light detection of a dusty debris disk
surrounding the F2V star HD 15115 using the Hubble Space Telescope in the
optical, and Keck adaptive optics in the near-infrared. The most remarkable
property of the HD 15115 disk relative to other debris disks is its extreme
length asymmetry. The east side of the disk is detected to ~315 AU radius,
whereas the west side of the disk has radius >550 AU. We find a blue optical to
near-infrared scattered light color relative to the star that indicates grain
scattering properties similar to the AU Mic debris disk. The existence of a
large debris disk surrounding HD 15115 adds further evidence for membership in
the Beta Pic moving group, which was previously argued based on kinematics
alone. Here we hypothesize that the extreme disk asymmetry is due to dynamical
perturbations from HIP 12545, an M star 0.5 degrees (0.38 pc) east of HD 15115
that shares a common proper motion vector, heliocentric distance, galactic
space velocity, and age.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, ApJ Letters, accepte
An evaluation of the IDEEAâą activity monitor for estimating energy expenditure
Peer reviewedPublisher PD
STIS Coronagraphic Imaging of Fomalhaut: Main Belt Structure and the Orbit of Fomalhaut b
We present new optical coronagraphic data of the bright star Fomalhaut
obtained with the HST in 2010/2012 using STIS. Fomalhaut b is recovered at both
epochs to high significance. The observations include the discoveries of
tenuous nebulosity beyond the main dust belt detected to at least 209 AU
projected radius and a ~50 AU wide azimuthal gap in the belt northward of Fom
b. The morphology of Fomalhaut b appears elliptical in the STIS detections. We
show that residual noise in the processed data can plausibly result in point
sources appearing extended. A MCMC analysis demonstrates that the orbit of Fom
b is highly eccentric, with e=0.8+/-0.1, a=177+/-68 AU, and q = 32+/-24 AU. Fom
b is apsidally aligned with the belt and 90% of allowed orbits have mutual
inclination 36 deg or less. Fomalhaut b's orbit is belt-crossing in projection,
but only 12% of possible orbits have nodes within a 25 AU wide belt annulus
(133-158 AU). The high e invokes a dynamical history where Fom b may have
experienced a significant dynamical interaction with a hypothetical planet
Fomalhaut c, and the current orbital configuration may be relatively
short-lived. The new value for the periastron distance diminishes the Hill
radius of Fom b and any weakly bound satellite system surrounding a planet
would be sheared and dynamically heated at periapse. We argue that Fom b's
minimum mass is that of a dwarf planet in order for a circumplanetary satellite
system to remain bound to a sufficient radius from the planet to be consistent
with the dust scattered light hypothesis. Fom b may be optically bright because
the recent passage through periapse and/or the ascending node has increased the
erosion rates of planetary satellites. In the coplanar case, Fomalhaut b will
collide with the main belt around 2032, and the subsequent emergent phenomena
may help determine its physical nature.Comment: 49 Pages, 33 Figures, 5 Tables; Submitted to ApJ, Dec. 31, 201
Experimental Design for the Gemini Planet Imager
The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a high performance adaptive optics system
being designed and built for the Gemini Observatory. GPI is optimized for high
contrast imaging, combining precise and accurate wavefront control, diffraction
suppression, and a speckle-suppressing science camera with integral field and
polarimetry capabilities. The primary science goal for GPI is the direct
detection and characterization of young, Jovian-mass exoplanets. For plausible
assumptions about the distribution of gas giant properties at large semi-major
axes, GPI will be capable of detecting more than 10% of gas giants more massive
than 0.5 M_J around stars younger than 100 Myr and nearer than 75 parsecs. For
systems younger than 1 Gyr, gas giants more massive than 8 M_J and with
semi-major axes greater than 15 AU are detected with completeness greater than
50%. A survey targeting young stars in the solar neighborhood will help
determine the formation mechanism of gas giant planets by studying them at ages
where planet brightness depends upon formation mechanism. Such a survey will
also be sensitive to planets at semi-major axes comparable to the gas giants in
our own solar system. In the simple, and idealized, situation in which planets
formed by either the "hot-start" model of Burrows et al. (2003) or the core
accretion model of Marley et al. (2007), a few tens of detected planets are
sufficient to distinguish how planets form.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures, revised after referee's comments and resubmitted
to PAS
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