16,778 research outputs found
Early Childhood Intervention. Rationale, Timing and Efficacy
This paper provides a brief review of the economic rationale for investing in early childhood. It discusses the optimal timing of intervention, with reference to recent work in developmental neuroscience, and asks how early is early? It motivates the need for early intervention by providing an overview of the impact of adverse factors during the antenatal and early childhood period on outcomes later in life. Early childhood interventions, even poorly designed ones, are costly to implement, therefore it is vital that interventions are well-designed if they are to yield high economic and social returns. The paper therefore presents a set of guiding principles for the effectiveness of early intervention. It concludes by presenting a case for a new study of the optimal timing of interventions.Early childhood intervention, brain development, optimal timing
The fragmentation of expanding shells III: Oligarchic accretion and the mass spectrum of fragments
We use SPH simulations to investigate the gravitational fragmentation of
expanding shells through the linear and non--linear regimes. The results are
analysed using spherical harmonic decomposition to capture the initiation of
structure during the linear regime; the potential-based method of Smith et al.
(2009) to follow the development of clumps in the mildly non-linear regime; and
sink particles to capture the properties of the final bound objects during the
highly non-linear regime. In the early, mildly non--linear phase of
fragmentation, we find that the clump mass function still agrees quite well
with the mass function predicted by the analytic model. However, the sink mass
function is quite different, in the sense of being skewed towards high-mass
objects. This is because, once the growth of a condensation becomes non-linear,
it tends to be growing non-competitively from its own essentially separate
reservoir; we call this Oligarchic Accretion.Comment: 14 pages, accepted for publication in MNRA
Subaru Weak Lensing survey -- II: Multi-object Spectroscopy and Cluster Masses
We present the first results of a MOS campaign to follow up cluster
candidates located via weak lensing. Our main goals are to search for spatial
concentrations of galaxies that are plausible optical counterparts of the weak
lensing signals, and to determine the cluster redshifts from those of member
galaxies. Around each of 36 targeted cluster candidates, we obtain 15-32 galaxy
redshifts. For 28 of these targets, we confirm a secure cluster identification.
This includes three cases where two clusters at different redshifts are
projected along the same line-of-sight. In 6 of the 8 unconfirmed targets, we
find multiple small galaxy concentrations at different redshifts. In both the
remaining two targets, a single small galaxy concentration is found. We
evaluate the weak lensing mass of confirmed clusters. For a subsample of our
most cleanly measured clusters, we investigate the statistical relation between
their weak lensing mass and the velocity dispersion of their member galaxies,
comparing our sample with optically and X-ray selected samples from the
literature. Our lensing-selected clusters are consistent with
sigma_v=sigma_sis, with a similar scatter to the optically and X-ray selected
clusters. We thus find no evidence of selection bias compared to these other
techniques. We also derive an empirical relation between the cluster mass and
the galaxy velocity dispersion, which is in reasonable agreement with the
prediction of N-body simulations in the LCDM cosmology.Comment: 58 pages, 45 figures, submitted to PASJ. A version with
full-resolution figures is available at
http://th.nao.ac.jp/~hamanatk/PP/supcam_wl2.pd
Escape path complexity and its context dependency in Pacific blue-eyes (Pseudomugil signifer)
The escape trajectories animals take following a predatory attack appear to
show high degrees of apparent 'randomness' - a property that has been described
as 'protean behaviour'. Here we present a method of quantifying the escape
trajectories of individual animals using a path complexity approach. When fish
(Pseudomugil signifer) were attacked either on their own or in groups, we find
that an individual's path rapidly increases in entropy (our measure of
complexity) following the attack. For individuals on their own, this entropy
remains elevated (indicating a more random path) for a sustained period (10
seconds) after the attack, whilst it falls more quickly for individuals in
groups. The entropy of the path is context dependent. When attacks towards
single fish come from greater distances, a fish's path shows less complexity
compared to attacks that come from short range. This context dependency effect
did not exist, however, when individuals were in groups. Nor did the path
complexity of individuals in groups depend on a fish's local density of
neighbours. We separate out the components of speed and direction changes to
determine which of these components contributes to the overall increase in path
complexity following an attack. We found that both speed and direction measures
contribute similarly to an individual's path's complexity in absolute terms.
Our work highlights the adaptive behavioural tactics that animals use to avoid
predators and also provides a novel method for quantifying the escape
trajectories of animals.Comment: 9 page
Warranties and Remedies on Breach: Proposed Revision of Article 2 and Related Proposals Concerning Products Liability Law
The following materials contain (1) the warranty provisions, §§2-313 through 2-318, from the October, 1995 Draft of Revised Article 2, Sales, with selected Reporter\u27s Notes; (2) Discussion questions on warranties; and (3) A comparison of Revised Article 2 and the ALl\u27s Products Liability Restatement (Tent. Draft #2, March 13, 1995), with discussion problems
The Emerging Article 2: Remedies for Breach of the Contract for Sale
Article 2, Sales is being revised by a Drafting Committee of the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. To date, the Drafting Committee has held eight meetings and two more are scheduled for early 1995 . The first reading of revised Article 2 occurred at the annual meeting of NCCUSL in August, 1994. A target completion date for the Article 2 project is August, 1996
The Intersections of Articles 2 and 9: Recommendations for Clarification and Revisions
Both Article 2, Sales and Article 9, Secured Transactions are under revision. The process of coordination is underway, but there is still much work to do. The following materials identify the major issues at the intersections and some tentative solutions. All references are to the 1990 Official Text of the Uniform Commercial Code unless otherwise stated. When stated, references are to the October, 1995 Draft of Article 2 and the July, 1995 Draft of Article 9
Warranties and Remedies on Breach: Proposed Revision of Article 2 and Related Proposals Concerning Products Liability Law
The following materials contain (1) the warranty provisions, §§2-313 through 2-318, from the October, 1995 Draft of Revised Article 2, Sales, with selected Reporter\u27s Notes; (2) Discussion questions on warranties; and (3) A comparison of Revised Article 2 and the ALl\u27s Products Liability Restatement (Tent. Draft #2, March 13, 1995), with discussion problems
How are major gambling brands using Twitter?
This paper is the first to compare how major gambling brands are using the popular social media platform Twitter, looking at how gambling brands vary in the frequency of their messages, the content of their tweets and engagement with their Twitter activity. 63,913 tweets were collected from seven well-known British gambling brands (Bet365, Betfair, Betfred, Coral, Ladbrokes, Paddy Power, William Hill) and their associated Twitter accounts (Total Number of Accounts = 22) via the Twitter Application Program Interface (API) on the 1 August 2018. Companies varied in their approach to Twitter, some posting from a single account whereas others segmented their tweets by topic or purpose. Frequency analysis of tweets showed that on average major gambling brands tweeted anywhere between 89 and 202 tweets a day. Sentiment analysis of tweets showed a positivity bias with the language in tweets being associated with positive emotions like anticipation, trust and joy. Paddy Power, Bet365 and Coral produced the content that received the highest number of likes or shares from other twitter users. This study highlights the extent to which companies are using Twitter; followers could potentially be receiving hundreds of messages per day
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