Postcolonial control of Fiji soccer and the return of subjugated knowledges:from the 1970s to the 2010s

The primary aim of this article is to use Foucault's idea of subjugated knowledges to search out areas and viewpoints within Fiji soccer which are suppressed by the governing authorities. To fulfill this aim, we explore and assess, via ethnographic research, the racial and ethnic aspects of Fiji soccer, from the 1970s to the 2010s, and how cultural hegemony facilitates continued Fiji Indian control and dominance within the sport. Next, and although we note the positive dimension of Fiji Football Association's 2014 Veterans' Dinner, we suggest that some ex-Ba players were apparently discriminated against by, puzzlingly, not being invited. The regulator was also unaware of, or insensitive to, ex-players' transportation needs as some were poor or invalid. We then look at the cases of Sweats Soccer Club (SSC) and Nadi Legends Football Club (NLFC) to show how, in the face of the regulator's indifference to the financial plight of an Indigenous village club (SSC), the ex-Nadi players set up instead a self-help organization (NLFC) to assist and encourage ex-players going through hard times. The latter was a cross-ethnic group/cross-class collaboration between ex-officials and ex-players and was largely outside the regulator's sphere of interest or intent

Constraints on the Emplacement and Uplift History of the Pine Mountain Thrust Sheet, Eastern Kentucky: Evidence from Coal Rank Trends

In this paper coal rank trends on both sides of the Pine Mountain thrust in eastern Kentucky are used to place constraints on thrust evolution. Vitrinite reflectance () measurements on a single Pennsylvanian coal horizon (Fire Clay coal) in eastern Kentucky increase from 0.5% in the north to about 1.0% toward the SE in front of the Pine Mountain thrust. The same horizon in the hangingwall of the thrust displays lower Rmax values (0.8-0.85%). The reflectance isograds are subparallel to the thrust within approximately 10 km of the trace of the fault. We attribute thermal maturation to (1) pre-orogenic maturation by burial to a depth of about 2 km followed by (2) maturation due to conductive relaxation in the footwall after thrusting. Isotherms would not have been offset unless the thrust velocity was \u3e\u3e 10km / Mα. Assuming no erosion, the emergent thrust would have been approximately 3 km thick. In order to explain the relatively low reflectance values observed in the footwall, rapid uplift (\u3e3 km/Ma) after thrust emplacement is required. Alternatively, if erosion kept pace with thrusting, the thrust sheet would have been substantially thinner (\u3c1 \u3ekm), and thermal equilibrium would be rapidly attained in the footwall. Localized frictional heating may have caused elevated reflectance values observed in sheared coals from outcrop scale faults

The effects of 40 Hz low-pass filtering on the spatial QRS-T angle

The spatial QRS-T angle (SA) is a vectorcardiographic (VCG) parameter that has been identified as a marker for changes in the ventricular depolarization and repolarization sequence. The SA is defined as the angle subtended by the mean QRS-vector and the mean T- vector of the VCG. The SA is typically obtained from VCG data that is derived from the resting 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Resting 12-lead ECG data is commonly recorded using a low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 150 Hz. The ability of the SA to quantify changes in the ventricular depolarization and repolarization sequence make the SA potentially attractive in a number of different 12-lead ECG monitoring applications. However, the 12-lead ECG data that is obtained in such monitoring applications is typically recorded using a low-pass filter cutoff frequency of 40 Hz. The aim of this research was to quantify the differences between the SA computed using 40 Hz low- pass filtered ECG data (SA40) and the SA computed using 150 Hz low-pass filtered ECG data (SA150). We assessed the difference between the SA40 and the SA150 using a study population of 726 subjects. The differences between the SA40 and the SA150 were quantified as systematic error (mean difference) and random error (span of Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement). The systematic error between the SA40 and the SA150 was found to be -0.126° [95% confidence interval: -0.146° to - 0.107°]. The random error was quantified 1.045° [95% confidence interval: 0.917° to 1.189°]. The findings of this research suggest that it is possible to accurately determine the value of the SA when using 40 Hz low-pass filtered ECG data. This finding indicates that it is possible to record the SA in applications that require the utilization of 40 Hz low-pass ECG monitoring filters

Automated detection of atrial fibrillation using RR intervals and multivariate-based classification

Automated detection of AF from the electrocardiogram (ECG) still remains a challenge. In this study, we investigated two multivariate-based classification techniques, Random Forests (RF) and k-nearest neighbor (k-nn), for improved automated detection of AF from the ECG. We have compiled a new database from ECG data taken from existing sources. R-R intervals were then analyzed using four previously described R-R irregularity measurements: (1) the coefficient of sample entropy (CoSEn), (2) the coefficient of variance (CV), (3) root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD), and (4) median absolute deviation (MAD). Using outputs from all four R-R irregularity measurements, RF and k-nn models were trained. RF classification improved AF detection over CoSEn with overall specificity of 80.1% vs. 98.3% and positive predictive value of 51.8% vs. 92.1% with a reduction in sensitivity, 97.6% vs. 92.8%. k-nn also improved specificity and PPV over CoSEn; however, the sensitivity of this approach was considerably reduced (68.0%)

Autonomous Medical Care for Exploration Class Space Missions

The US-based health care system of the International Space Station (ISS) contains several subsystems, the Health Maintenance System, Environmental Health System and the Countermeasure System. These systems are designed to provide primary, secondary and tertiary medical prevention strategies. The medical system deployed in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for the ISS is designed to enable a "stabilize and transport" concept of operations. In this paradigm, an ill or injured crewmember would be rapidly evacuated to a definitive medical care facility (DMCF) on Earth, rather than being treated for a protracted period on orbit. The medical requirements of the short (7 day) and long duration (up to 6 months) exploration class missions to the Moon are similar to LEO class missions with the additional 4 to 5 days needed to transport an ill or injured crewmember to a DCMF on Earth. Mars exploration class missions are quite different in that they will significantly delay or prevent the return of an ill or injured crewmember to a DMCF. In addition the limited mass, power and volume afforded to medical care will prevent the mission designers from manifesting the entire capability of terrestrial care. NASA has identified five Levels of Care as part of its approach to medical support of future missions including the Constellation program. In order to implement an effective medical risk mitigation strategy for exploration class missions, modifications to the current suite of space medical systems may be needed, including new Crew Medical Officer training methods, treatment guidelines, diagnostic and therapeutic resources, and improved medical informatics

On the derivation of the spatial QRS-T angle from Mason-Likar leads I, II, V2 and V5

The spatial QRS-T angle (SA) has been identified as a marker for changes in the ventricular depolarization and repolarization sequence. The determination of the SA requires vectorcardiographic (VCG) data. However, VCG data is seldom recorded in monitoring applications. This is mainly due to the fact that the number and location of the electrodes required for recording the Frank VCG complicate the recording of VCG data in monitoring applications. Alternatively, reduced lead systems (RLS) allow for the derivation of the Frank VCG from a reduced number of electrocardiographic (ECG) leads. Derived Frank VCGs provide a practical means for the determination of the SA in monitoring applications. One widely studied RLS that is used in clinical practice is based upon Mason-Likar leads I, II, V2 and V5 (MLRL). The aim of this research was two-fold. First, to develop a linear ECG lead transformation matrix that allows for the derivation of the Frank VCG from the MLRL system. Second, to assess the accuracy of the MLRL derived SA (MSA). We used ECG data recorded from 545 subjects for the development of the linear ECG lead transformation matrix. The accuracy of the MSA was assessed by analyzing the differences between the MSA and the SA using the ECG data of 181 subjects. The differences between the MSA and the SA were quantified as systematic error (mean difference) and random error (span of Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement). The systematic error between the MSA and the SA was found to be 9.38° [95% confidence interval: 7.03° to 11.74°]. The random error was quantified as 62.97° [95% confidence interval: 56.55° to 70.95°]