Distribusi Perokok Berdasarkan Berbagai Latar Belakang Demografi (Menurut Data Susenas 2001 Dan 1995)

Smoking habit is a pleasure for a person and may be dangerous for the others. The main ingredient of cigarette, kretek and cigar is tobacco. Tobacco has been known to contain a lot of chemical substances including nicotin, alkaloids, safrol, ammonia and tar whichare harmful to health. This study was carried out to depict smokers among community in any characteristics of demographic background. The data of smoking habit among peoples of 15 years old or above were collected from the National Health Survey (Survey Kesehatan Nasional) and Household Health Survey (SKRT) 2001 and 1995. More than 12.000 respondents had been interviewed. The result showed that during the last five years the proportion of smokers was increasing in all age groups among male but decreasing among female. Smokers were most prevalence in low educated population and in rural areas. The prevalence was also found to be higher in Sumatera compared to those in Java or eastern part of Indonesia. It is suggested that serious measures should be taken against the campaign of tobacco company including strengtheninglaw enforcement and enhance punishment to the people or company violating the tobacco regulation

Pengelolaan Obat di Puskesmas dan Rumah Sakit Kabupaten

In 1976/1977 the National Institute of Health Research and Development carried out a research on supply and utilization of minimal standard drugs in 6 Health Centres and 3 Regency Hospitals. The study covered the Regencies of Sukabumi, Kuningan and Lematang Ilir Ogan Tengah (LIOT). Inpres (Presidential Decree) Fund was the main resource of drugs used in Health Centres and Re­gency Hospitals. The was no uniformity in treatment cost. The drug distribution system was simple and its facilities were incomplete. An Assistant Pharmacist was only found in one Health Centre and two Regency Hospitals, while for the remainder the personnel in charge of the drug management consisted of other paramedics. There was no adequate reporting system of drug utilization

Pola Penggunaan Obat, Obat Tradisional Dan Cara Tradisional Dalam Pengobatan Sendiri Di Indonesia

The National Socio-Economic Survey data 2001 has been analyzed to obtain information on the pattern of the use of medicine, traditional medicine and traditional methods on self-medication. The target population was 225.057 Indonesians who claimed to be ill in 27provinces except Naggroe Aceh Darussalam and Maluku. The sample was people who took medicine, traditional medicine and or traditional methods on self-medication during the last one month before the survey. The data were analyzed using univariat and proportion method. The result of data analysis were: (1) The percentage of Indonesian people who took medicine on self-medication made a normal curve for age, inversity related with the cost of medication and was higher in the urban area, (2) The percentage of Indonesian people who took traditional medicine and traditional methods on self-medication was correlated with age, duration of illness, medication cost and was higher in rural area, (3) The percentage of Indonesian who took self medication was higher among the lower educated, lower economic status and who have less severe illness, and (4) The percentage of Indonesian who took self-medication has been decreased from 62.2% to 57.7% within 4 years period, especially on the use of medicine, but the use of traditional medicine and traditional method have been increase

Penetapan Efektivitas Pemanfaatan Penggunaan Obat pada 10 Apotek di Surabaya Tahun 1997

A Study on 6 indicators for drug utilization, i.e. the average number of drugs prescribed, the percentage of generic drug, injection and antibiotic prescription as well as the percentage of drugs presented for dispensing that are actually dispensed has been carried out at ten pharmacies in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia during September 1997. The primary objective of this study is to describe prescribing practices, to investigate the practical acceptance of important means in controlling drug cost, to enhance the development of strict antibiotic policies as a part of national drug policy and to measure the ability ofpharmacies to meet the parmaceutical needs of the community. The Methodology of Study: the samples of prescriptions were obtained by restrospective random selection: a total of 30 prescriptions per pharmacy. The results were as follows. During the first week in September 1997, it was found that from 10 pharmacies in Surabaya an average of 3,1 drugs were prescribed per patient with a range of 2,2 to 3,6 drugs among pharmacies, 17,1% of drugs was prescribed by generic name and the range among pharmacies varied from 6,1% to 20,2%. For the same 10 pharmacies an average of 48,7% of prescriptions contained an antibiotic with a range of 32,3% to 70,0% among pharmacies and 2,7% for injection with a range of 0 to 10%, while an average of 88,6% of prescribed drugs presented for dispensing were actually dispensed, with a range of 83,3 to 93,3% among pharmacies

Peran Warung dalam Penyediaan Obat dan Obat Tradisional untuk Pengobatan Sendiri di Kecamatan Tanjungbintang, Lampung Selatan

One of the many factors that influences self-medication is the availability of drug and traditional medicine for the community. The objective of this study is to obtain information about the role of retailers in the village. This survey was carried out at all warung who sell drug or traditional medicine at two villages in the Tanjungbintang district, South Lampung. Data were collected by interviewing warung and observation. Results showed that warung generally have adequate knowledge about drugs used for headache, cough and fever, as well as about traditional medicine used for diarrhoe, muscle-pain and maintaining healthy condition. They got that information from drug store. Warung played an important role in delivering drug and traditional medicine that meet the needs of the community

Karakteristik Lansia yang Dirawat di Rumah Sakit Kelas A dan B

KARAKTERISTIK LANSIA YANG DIRAWAT DI RUMAH SAKIT KELAS A DAN

Beberapa Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Penggunaan Obat Tradisional dalam Pengobatan Sendiri di Indonesia

BEBERAPA FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PENGGUNAAN OBAT TRADISIONAL DALAM PENGOBATAN SENDIRI DI INDONESI

Obat Donasi pada Beberapa Fasilitas Kesehatan di Nangroe Aceh Darusalam

On the 26th December 2004, a big earthquake and tsunami destroyed coastal zones in the Nangroe Aceh Darussalam Province. Villages have disappeared all along the coast, especially in Aceh Besar; Aceh Jaya, and West Aceh Districts. The disaster damaged roads, devastated physical and human infrastructures, and also limited air assets posed huge challenges to early aids efforts. The transportation, telecommunication and many other public facilities including Health Centers, Drug warehouses, and Hospitals were damaged and destroyed. The tsunami killed nearly 200,000 people and about 100,000 people lost. In few days many Non Government Organizations (NGOs) and non NGOs and also foreign humanitarian organizations or from provinces of Indonesia arrived in Banda Aceh. They come as health teams completed with ambulances, drugs, foods and other medical apparatus and field clinics. At the same time, many drugs had been sent to Banda Aceh and distributed to health facilities. Then the problem was what happened about the drugs? The issues were many of the donated drugs become inappropriate, overstock, expired or not according to EDL. To anticipated the issues, on May to June 2005 a team consists of staffs from PSF-CI in coordination with the Ministry of Health, PHO and FDA of Naggoe Aceh Darussalam Province conducted an assessment to the donated drug in 28 Health Centers, 5 District drug warehouses, and 5 District Hospitals. Results showed many varies of the donated drugs were inappropriate in all the publichealth facilities, 20%-80% were overstock, more than 20 items of the drugs were expired or would be expire within 3-6 moonths. It suggests that health programmers conduct training for prescribers on pharmacologies aspects and how to usethe new and non EDL donated drugs. It should also use drug stock system, and apply the FIFO and FEFO mechanisms indrug inventory. The expired or damaged drugs must be destroyed by incenerator. In future it is suggested that the Ministry of Health compiles lists of drugs that would be donated in disasters

Biaya Tambahan Yang Dibayar Pasien Rawat Jalan Akibat Penulisan Resep Tidak Sesuai Dengan Formularium Rumah Sakit

Almost all district public hospital already has their own formulary. The aims of study are to obtain percentage of noncompliance with the public hospital formulary, to obtain the average additional cost be paid by outpatients as a result of noncompliance with the hospital formulary, and to obtain the average of the outpatient's ability to pay for treatment. A cross sectional study has been carried out to 120 patients in RSU Kabupaten K and 100 patients in RSU Kabupaten B. Subjects of the study were adult outpatients with TB, hypertension and diabetes. Data were collected by well-trained district public hospital staff in interviewing patients. The questioner was first tried out to patients at RSU Kota Jakarta Timur. Data were analyzed by cost analysis. Results of the study are difference in drug item with formulary in RSU Kabupaten K is 66,7% for TB, 96,6% for hypertension; where as in RSU Kabupaten B 44,8% for TB, 82,3% for hypertension and 76,7% for diabetes. Average additional cost that must be paid by outpatients per encounter in RSU Kabupaten K is Rp 10.060 for TB, Rp 26.552 for hypertension; while in RSU Kabupaten B is Rp 5.818 for TB, Rp 8.956 for hypertension and Rp 15.218 for diabetes. The average outpatient's ability to pay for treatment in RSU Kabupaten K is Rp 19.807 and in RSU Kabupaten B is Rp 15.301, which are both less than outpatient treatment cost per encounter