Seasonally Feed-Related Aflatoxins B1 and M1 Spread in Semiarid Industrial Dairy Herd and Its Deteriorating Impacts on Food and Immunity

To comparatively determine the levels of aflatoxin (AF) B1 in feedstuffs and of AFM1 in milk from semiarid industrial cattle farms in northeastern Iran during four seasons and to elucidate the effects of mixed AFB1 and AFM1 on bovine granulocytes, 72 feedstuffs (concentrate, silage, and totally mixed ration (TMR)) and 200 bulk milk samples were simultaneously collected for ELISA-based AFs detection. Isolated blood and milk neutrophils (n=8/treatment) were also preincubated with mix of 10 ng/ml AFB1 and 10 ng/ml AFM1 for 12 h; the impact was assessed on neutrophils functions. AFB1 levels in feedstuffs averaged 28 μg/kg (4–127 μg/kg), with TMR maximal (38±6.3 μg/kg), concentrate (32±6.5 μg/kg), and silage (16±1.5 μg/kg). The levels of AFB1 and AFM1 in feedstuffs and milk averaged 42±9.3, 27±2.8, 26±4.1, and 18.5±2.8 μg/kg and 85±7.3, 62±6.1, 46±6.2, and 41±6.5 ppb μg/kg in winter (maximal), autumn, spring, and summer, respectively. Mix of AFB1 and AFM1 weakened various functions of granulocytes. It adds new reason why during winter semiarid raised food-producing animals show more immune-incompetence

Anti-inflammation-based treatment of atherosclerosis using Gliclazide-loaded biomimetic nanoghosts

Abstract In the study, a biomimetic platform for anti-inflammatory-based treatment of atherosclerotic plaque was developed. Gliclazide (GL) as an anti-inflammasome agent was encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles (NP), which were coated by monocyte membrane using an extrusion procedure. The size and zeta potential of the nanoghost (NG) changed to 292 and – 10 nm from 189.5 to −34.1 in the core NP. In addition, the actual size of 62.5 nm with a coating layer of 5 nm was measured using TEM. The NG was also showed a sustained release profile with the drug loading content of about 4.7%. Beside to attenuated TNFα, decrease in gene expression levels of NLRP3, MyD88, NOS, IL-1β, IL-18 and caspases 1/3/8/9 in LPS-primed monocytes exposed to NG strongly indicated remarkable inflammation control. After systemic toxicity evaluation and pharmacokinetic analysis of NP and NG, intravenous NG treatment of rabbits with experimentally induced atherosclerosis revealed remarkably less plaque lesions, foam cells, lipid-laden macrophages, and pathological issues in tunica media of aorta sections. Higher expression of CD163 than CD68 in aorta of NG-treated rabbits strongly reveals higher M2/M1 macrophage polarization. The bio/hemocompatible, biomimetic and anti-inflammatory NG can be considered as a potential platform for immunotherapy of particularly atherosclerosis in the field of personalized medicine

Effect of milk sampling techniques on milk composition, bacterial contamination, viability and functions of resident cells in milk

Three different milk sampling techniques were evaluated during milk sampling: a direct aseptic collection from the udder through a sterile cannula was used as the reference technique, compared with either a manual or a mechanical sampling method. In this study 30 high-yielding Holstein-Friesian dairy cows at different stages of lactation and free of udder infection were used. For each milk sample, the influence of milk sampling techniques was determined for the following parameters: somatic cell count, milk composition, bacterial contamination, viability, in vitro phagocytosis and overall killing of Staphylococcus aureus Newbould 305, and cellular chemiluminescence. Because milk sampling occurred throughout lactation, the differences between early, mid- and late lactation were estimated. It was concluded that bacterial contamination was not significantly different in manual milking samples and the reference technique; bacterial contamination was, however, significantly (P $<$ 0.001) higher in machine milking samples than in the reference technique. Among the different sampling techniques, no significant effects on SCC, milk composition, viability and functions of the cells isolated from milk were observed. It was found that viability, intracellular killing and cellular chemiluminescence of milk PMN were significantly lower (P $<$ 0.05) in early lactation compared to mid-lactation. Phagocytosis was significantly (P $<$ 0.05) higher in early lactation compared to mid- and late lactation, and no significant differences were observed between mid- and late lactation. From this study, it can be concluded that despite a higher bacterial contamination obtained with the mechanical sampling method, the 3 milk sampling techniques described in this study can be used for the evaluation of milk cell functions.Effet de techniques de prélèvement de lait sur la composition du lait, la contamination bactérienne, la viabilité et les fonctions des cellules résidentes du lait. Trois différentes techniques de prélèvement de lait ont été évaluées. Un prélèvement aseptique direct du pis à l'aide d'une canule stérile, considéré comme technique de référence, a été comparé à une méthode de prélèvement manuel d'une part et une méthode de prélèvement à la machine d'autre part. Dans l'étude 30 vaches Holstein-Friesian à trois stades différents de lactation et sans infection intramammaire ont été utilisées. Dans chaque échantillon de lait, l'influence des techniques de prélèvement a été évaluée à l'aide des paramètres suivants: le taux cellulaire du lait, la composition du lait, la contamination bactérienne, la viabilité des cellules, la phagocytose in vitro et la destruction intracellulaire de Staphylococcus aureus Newbould 305, et la chimioluminescence cellulaire. Comme le prélèvement de lait a été réalisé pendant toute la durée de lactation, des différences entre les périodes de lactation ont pu être déterminées. Cette étude mène aux conclusions suivantes: la contamination bactérienne n'était pas significativement différente entre la méthode manuelle et la technique de référence mais elle était significativement (P $<$ 0.001) plus élevée lors du prélèvement à la machine que lors du prélèvement à l'aide d'une canule ; néanmoins, il n'y a pas eu de différences sur le taux cellulaire du lait, la composition du lait, la viabilité et les fonctions des cellules isolées du lait entre les techniques de prélèvement. Pendant la durée de lactation, la viabilité, la destruction intracellulaire et la chimioluminescence cellulaire des PMN isolées du lait étaient significativement (P $<$ 0.05) plus basses en début de lactation qu'en milieu de lactation, la phagocytose était significativement (P $<$ 0.05) plus élévée en début de lactation qu'en milieu de lactation. Il n'y a pas eu de différence significative de ces paramètres en milieu et en fin de lactation. Les trois techniques de prélèvement décrites dans cette étude peuvent être utilisées pour évaluer les fonctions cellullaires du lait, même si la technique de prélèvement à la machine a provoqué une contamination bactérienne plus élevée