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CEP128 Localizes to the Subdistal Appendages of the Mother Centriole and Regulates TGF-β/BMP Signaling at the Primary Cilium

Summary: The centrosome is the main microtubule-organizing center in animal cells and comprises a mother and daughter centriole surrounded by pericentriolar material. During formation of primary cilia, the mother centriole transforms into a basal body that templates the ciliary axoneme. Ciliogenesis depends on mother centriole-specific distal appendages, whereas the role of subdistal appendages in ciliary function is unclear. Here, we identify CEP128 as a centriole subdistal appendage protein required for regulating ciliary signaling. Loss of CEP128 did not grossly affect centrosomal or ciliary structure but caused impaired transforming growth factor-β/bone morphogenetic protein (TGF-β/BMP) signaling in zebrafish and at the primary cilium in cultured mammalian cells. This phenotype is likely the result of defective vesicle trafficking at the cilium as ciliary localization of RAB11 was impaired upon loss of CEP128, and quantitative phosphoproteomics revealed that CEP128 loss affects TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of multiple proteins that regulate cilium-associated vesicle trafficking. : Mönnich et al. show that CEP128 localizes to the subdistal appendages of the mother centriole and basal body of the primary cilium. CEP128 regulates vesicular trafficking and targeting of RAB11 to the primary cilium. CEP128 loss leads to impaired TGF-β/BMP signaling, which, in zebrafish, is associated with defective organ development. Keywords: primary cilium, basal body, centriole, subdistal appendage, centrosome, transforming growth factor β, TGF-β, bone morphogenetic protein, BMP, zebrafish, phosphoproteomics, CEP12

The Atlantic salmon genome provides insights into rediploidization

The whole-genome duplication 80 million years ago of the common ancestor of salmonids (salmonid-specific fourth vertebrate whole-genome duplication, Ss4R) provides unique opportunities to learn about the evolutionary fate of a duplicated vertebrate genome in 70 extant lineages. Here we present a high-quality genome assembly for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and show that large genomic reorganizations, coinciding with bursts of transposon-mediated repeat expansions, were crucial for the post-Ss4R rediploidization process. Comparisons of duplicate gene expression patterns across a wide range of tissues with orthologous genes from a pre-Ss4R outgroup unexpectedly demonstrate far more instances of neofunctionalization than subfunctionalization. Surprisingly, we find that genes that were retained as duplicates after the teleost-specific whole-genome duplication 320 million years ago were not more likely to be retained after the Ss4R, and that the duplicate retention was not influenced to a great extent by the nature of the predicted protein interactions of the gene products. Finally, we demonstrate that the Atlantic salmon assembly can serve as a reference sequence for the study of other salmonids for a range of purposes.publishedVersio

Pig elimination behavior-A review

Finding ways to motivate pigs to excrete in dedicated areas is of major importance for the environment, human health and animal welfare. This review investigates pigs’ excretory behaviour and the relation to the rearing and housing environment in addition to identifying important knowledge gaps in this respect. Eliminating away from the nest/lying area appears to be innate but evolves over time. Postpartum, piglets urinate and defecate close to the nest, indicating that it is difficult to influence piglets’ choice of elimination area, as this is influenced by the sow’s choice of nest area. At increased age piglets begin to excrete further away from the nest, which is probably related to the fact that piglets start to spend more time away from it. There is no indication that the sow influences the piglets’ elimination behaviour. Elimination frequency decreases with increasing age and are non-uniformly distributed across the day, mainly occurring during daytime following the activity and drinking pattern. There are indications that activity level affects elimination frequency and the amount excreted per elimination, with a concurrent risk of underestimating the nutrient load during behavioural observations. Regarding the behavioural sequence around elimination, it seems as if sniffing precedes the event and smell is suggested to play a role. However, it cannot be concluded whether sniffing is related to the selection of an area for elimination or if it is a general behaviour in the elimination area. It has been suggested that pigs seek isolation when eliminating. However, it cannot be concluded whether elimination near walls are due to pigs seeking an undisturbed location or if it is caused by limited pen space. Also, it SUBMITTED 2 cannot be concluded how far away from the nest/lying area pigs are willing to move to urinate and defecate or which factors influence the direction they move. If it is limited how far pigs are willing to move to eliminate, it seems relevant to include several elimination areas in pens with large group sizes. A change in the environment (e.g. location of feed or lying area), change pigs’ choice of elimination area, although there are individual differences in how well individuals cope. It remains unanswered to which degree the rearing environment influences the excretory behaviour later in life. Future research should focus on exploring the distance pigs are willing to move to eliminate in addition to the direction from the nest/lying area and how this interacts with the distribution of pen resources. Also, it is relevant to gain more insight as to the effect of the rearing environment on the elimination behaviour later in life

Effect of paddock design on sow excretory behavior in a pasture-based system with poplar trees.

Effect of paddock design on sow excretory behavior in a pasture-based system with poplar tree

Pig elimination behavior — A review

Finding ways to motivate pigs to eliminate in dedicated areas is of major importance for the environment and animal welfare. This review investigates pigs’ elimination behaviour and the relation to the rearing environment in addition to identifying important knowledge gaps in this respect. Elimination away from the nest/lying area appears to be innate but evolves over time. Postpartum, piglets eliminate close to the nest, indicating that it is difficult to influence their choice of elimination area, as this is influenced by the sow’s choice of nest area. With age, piglets begin to excrete further away from the nest, which seem to be caused by a development in the exploratory and elimination behaviour. There is no indication that the sow directly influences the piglets’ elimination behaviour. Elimination frequency decreases with age and is non-uniformly distributed across the day, mainly occurring during daytime following the activity and drinking pattern. There are indications that elimination frequency and time affect the amount excreted per elimination, with a concurrent risk of underestimating the nutrient load during behavioural observations. Regarding the behavioural sequence around elimination, it would appear that sniffing precedes the event and smell is suggested to play a role. However, whether sniffing is related to selection against the use of a specific area for elimination or whether it is a general behaviour in the elimination area cannot be determined. It has been suggested that pigs seek isolation when eliminating, but whether elimination near walls is due to pigs seeking an undisturbed location or is caused by limited pen space cannot be determined either. Neither can it be determined how far away from the nest/lying area pigs are willing to move to eliminate. If there is a limit to how far pigs are willing to move to eliminate, it seems relevant to include several elimination areas in pens with large group sizes. A change in the environment (e.g., location of feed or lying area) changes the pigs’ choice of elimination area, although it is individual how well each pig copes. It remains unanswered to which degree the rearing environment influences the elimination behaviour later in life. Future research should focus on the basic elements behind the pigs' choice of elimination area is it simply due to certain areas (e.g. the rest and feeding areas) are deselected or are there elements (e.g. odour, territorial behaviour, undisturbed or upbringing), which motivate and affect the pigs' choice of elimination area. This basic knowledge is needed to understand the background of the elimination behaviour and thus better could focus the effort to manage which area is used as the elimination area