DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LAS ÁREAS VERDES, ÍNDICE DE MARGINACIÓN Y JUSTICIA AMBIENTAL EN LEÓN, GUANAJUATO

Las áreas verdes constituyen un elemento estratégico para la sostenibilidad de las ciudades, ya que poseen cualidades que derivan en la mejora de la calidad de vida y el bienestar social. No obstante, la ciudad de León, Guanajuato, muestra una distribución desigual y deficitaria en la dotación de áreas verdes, lo cual se manifiesta en una exclusión socio-espacial de los beneficios que estos espacios brindan a toda la población. El trabajo evidencia que las zonas con menor índice de áreas verdes coinciden con las zonas de mayor índice de marginación, especialmente en el caso de los siete polígonos de pobreza de ciudad. El reto que subyace para la ciudad es lograr una distribución justa y equitativa de las áreas verdes, mediante instrumentos de planificación que permitan lograr la sostenibilidad urbana, con justicia ambiental y correlacionarse positivamente con los índices de marginación

Assessment of the specificity of the anti-HER3 antibody SP71 using siRNA technology and immunocytochemistry.

<p>siRNA-mediated knockdown of HER3 in human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells as visualised by (A) real-time PCR and (B) immunocytochemistry of cells transfected with negative control or anti-HER3 siRNA. Graph displays relative quantification as mean ± SE. Representative graph and images from one of three independent experiments are shown.</p

Prognostic effect of hENT1, dCK and HuR expression by morphological type in periampullary adenocarcinoma, including pancreatic cancer

<p><i>Background</i>: Putative biomarkers of gemcitabine response have been extensively studied in pancreatic cancer, but less so in other types of periampullary adenocarcinoma. The most studied biomarker is human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1), and the activating enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) has also been linked to treatment response. The RNA-binding protein human antigen R (HuR) has been demonstrated to confer increased dCK levels in vitro and to predict gemcitabine response in vivo. Here, we investigated the prognostic impact of hENT1, dCK and HuR in pancreatobiliary (PB) and intestinal (I) type periampullary cancers, respectively. <i>Material and methods</i>: Immunohistochemical expression of hENT1, dCK and HuR was evaluated in tissue microarrays with all primary tumours and 103 paired lymph node metastases from a consecutive retrospective cohort of 175 patients with resected periampullary adenocarcinomas. <i>Results</i>: In patients with PB-type tumours, neither hENT1 nor dCK expression was prognostic. A high HuR cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio was associated with a significantly reduced five-year overall survival (OS) in patients receiving adjuvant gemcitabine (HR 2.07, 95% CI 1.03–4.17) but not in untreated patients (p_interaction = 0.028). In patients with I-type tumours receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, high dCK expression was significantly associated with a prolonged recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01–0.73, p_interaction = 0.023). Furthermore, HuR expression was associated with a prolonged OS and RFS in unadjusted but not in adjusted analysis and hENT1 expression was an independent predictor of a prolonged RFS (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.10–0.59), regardless of adjuvant treatment. <i>Conclusion</i>: hENT1 expression is a favourable prognostic factor in I-type, but not in PB-type tumours. High dCK expression is a favourable prognostic factor in patients with I-type tumours receiving adjuvant treatment and a high cytoplasmic/nuclear HuR ratio is a negative prognostic factor in gemcitabine-treated PB-type tumours. Morphological subtype should always be considered in biomarker studies on periampullary cancer.</p

Hazard ratio for death according to clinicopathological factors, EGFR and HER3 overexpression.

<p>Hazard ratio for death according to clinicopathological factors, EGFR and HER3 overexpression.</p

Associations of EGFR and HER3 protein expression with clinicopathological characteristics.

<p>Associations of EGFR and HER3 protein expression with clinicopathological characteristics.</p

Recurrence-free and overall survival according to EGFR, HER2 and HER3 expression in I-type adenocarcinoma.

<p>Kaplan Meier analysis of five-year recurrence-free survival in strata according to high and low expression of (A) EGFR, (C) HER2, (E) HER3 and overall survival according to high and low expression of (B) EGFR, (D) HER2, and (F) HER3.</p

Expression of EGFR, HER2 and HER3, and amplification status for <i>HER2</i> in pancreatobiliary and intestinal type periampullary adenocarcinoma.

<p>Expression of EGFR, HER2 and HER3, and amplification status for <i>HER2</i> in pancreatobiliary and intestinal type periampullary adenocarcinoma.</p

Visualization of EGFR and HER3 expression according to tissue type.

<p>Distribution of EGFR (left) and HER3 (right) expression according to tissue type in the entire cohort.</p

Cox proportional hazards analysis of the impact of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 expression on recurrence-free and overall survival in patients with I-type adenocarcinoma.

<p>Cox proportional hazards analysis of the impact of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 expression on recurrence-free and overall survival in patients with I-type adenocarcinoma.</p

Sample immunohistochemical images.

<p>Photomicrographs representing different categories of immunohistochemical staining for EGFR, HER2 and HER3, respectively. An image visualizing <i>HER2</i> gene amplification by silver in situ hybridization is shown together with the HER2 3+ case.</p