How is the Presence of Horizons and Localized Matter Encoded in the Entanglement Entropy?

Motivated by the new theoretical paradigm that views spacetime geometry as emerging from the entanglement of a pre-geometric theory, we investigate the issue of the signature of the presence of horizons and localized matter on the entanglement entropy (EE) S_E for the case of three-dimensional AdS (AdS_3) gravity. We use the holographically dual two-dimensional CFT on the torus and the related modular symmetry in order to treat bulk black holes and conical singularities (sourced by pointlike masses not shielded by horizons) on the same footing. In the regime where boundary tori can be approximated by cylinders we are able to give universal expressions for the EE of black holes and conical singularities. We argue that the presence of horizons/localized matter in the bulk is encoded in the EE in terms of (i) enhancement/reduction of the entanglement of the AdS_3 vacuum, (ii) scaling as area/volume of the leading term of the perturbative expansion of S_E, (iii) exponential/periodic behaviour of S_E, (iv) presence of unaccessible regions in the noncompact/compact dimension of the boundary cylinder. In particular, we show that the reduction effect of matter on the entanglement of the vacuum found by Verlinde for the de Sitter vacuum extends to the AdS_3 vacuumComment: 16 pages, no figure

A study of C - repeat binding factors (CBF) associated with low temperature tolerance locus in winter wheat.

Winter wheat has several advantages over spring varieties, higher (25 % more) yield, efficient use of spring moisture, reduction of soil erosion by providing ground cover during the fall and early spring, rapid initial spring growth to out - compete weeds and circumvent the peak of Fusarium head blight infections by flowering early. Winter wheat is planted in early autumn when it germinates and developing seedlings acclimate to cold. The crown survives under snow cover and in spring rapidly grows into a vigorously growing plant for grain to be harvested in summer. However, the harsh Canadian prairie winters require that winter wheat has increased cold hardiness and improved winter survival to reduce losses from sudden cold snaps during winter and spring. Low temperature (LT) tolerance is one of the major components of cold hardiness. Genetic mapping studies have revealed a major quantitative trait locus (Fr-A2) at wheat chromosome 5A which can explain at least 50 % of LT tolerance in wheat. Physical mapping of 5A LT QTL in a hardy winter wheat cv Norstar revealed a cluster of at least 23 C - repeat binding factors (CBF) coinciding with peak of Fr-A2 QTL. The objective of this study is biochemical, and molecular characterization of CBF co - located at Fr-A2 to identify key CBF participating in conferring LT tolerance in winter wheat. A comparative analysis of CBF gene cluster at the Fr-A2 collinear region among Poaceae members showed an expansion in the number of CBF genes with increased LT tolerance. Rice, a cold sensitive member, had only three CBF genes, whereas cold hardy winter wheat cv Norstar has 23 CBF genes. Amino acid sequence - based cluster analysis of complete CBF genes, or their major functional components such as the AP2 - DNA binding domain and C - terminal trans - activation domain, divide Norstar CBF into Pooideae specific clades. However, analyses of Norstar CBF amino acid sequences of different functional groups revealed a shift in clade members. These results suggest divergence of CBF functions which could lead to possible differences / similarity in the regulon activated by a CBF in a specific group. The 15 CBF genes from winter wheat cv Norstar were expressed in E. coli to produce recombinant TrxHisS - CBF fusion proteins in adequate quantities for structural and functional assays. All CBF fusion proteins could be recovered in the E. coli soluble phase of cell extract, except that the CBF17.0 fusion protein could only be recovered with 6 M urea extraction. Eleven of the 15 CBF fusion proteins were very stable in heat (98 oC), 10 % SDS and 6 M urea treatment. The five other CBF members were very labile under native conditions, but were stable in E. coli cell extracts or when extracted under denaturing conditions. Most of the CBF recombinant proteins in denaturing gel electrophoresis migrated slower than expected from their predicted molecular mass, based on amino acid sequence. The slow migration could be associated to their elongated protein structure as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). CBF 12.2 and CBF 17.0 were highly resistant to denaturation and retained their secondary structure in these conditions as determined by circular dichroism (CD) spectra. The high stability of these two CBF proteins may be important for cold acclimation or maintenance of cold hardiness in wheat. CBF proteins are transcription factors that bind to the dehydration-responsive element / C-repeat element (DRE / CRT) motif (CCGAC). Ten of the 15 Norstar recombinant CBFs whether purified under native or denaturing conditions showed in vitro binding to the CRT motif. Within hours of cold exposure (4 oC) the native CBF increased their affinity to CRT interaction which could be due to changes in the CBF secondary structures. Some of the CBF for binding preferred the core GGCCGAC motif while others preferred TGCCGAC. Similarly binding assays with truncated CBF revealed that for some CBF proteins, the second signature motif (DSAWR) and remaining C - terminal were not needed, while for others a considerable portion of the C -terminal region was needed for binding. Norstar CBF 12.1 has a memory of cold experience, and upon exposure to cold, has a high and immediate affinity to CRT elements. A homolog CBF12.2 in less cold - hardy winter wheat cv Cappelle - Desprez had a non - functional protein due to a R → Q substitution in a highly conserved residue within the AP2 domain. Several of the cv Norstar CBFs showed increased activity under LT and denaturing conditions, which may be the reason for the greater cold hardiness in Norstar. In conclusion, detailed and extensive analyses of CBF in this study characterized their structure and function relationships, which are important for understanding and improving LT tolerance in plants. The identification of specific CRT binding motifs and two CBFs which were very stable under adverse conditions may be prime candidates for further study to improve LT tolerance in plants

Holographic Entanglement Negativity for Conformal Field Theories with a Conserved Charge

We study the application of our recent holographic entanglement negativity conjecture for mixed states of adjacent subsystems in conformal field theories with a conserved charge. In this context we obtain the holographic entanglement negativity for zero and finite temperature mixed state configurations in $d$-dimensional conformal field theories dual to bulk extremal and non extremal charged $AdS_{d+1}$ black holes. Our results conform to quantum information theory expectations and constitute significant consistency checks for our conjecture.Comment: 23 pages and 1 Figur

Holt-Oram syndrome: a rare case report

Holt-Oram syndrome is an inherited disorder that causes abnormalities of the hands, arms and heart. The diagnosis can be established clinically. The diagnostic criteria have been validated with molecular testing. An upper-limb malformation involving the carpal bone(s) and, variably, the radial and/or thenar bones-An abnormal carpal bone, present in all affected individuals and identified by performing a posterior-anterior hand x-ray, may be the only evidence of disease. 24 years unbooked Hindu female G2P1+0 presented in OPD at term. Her USG examination showed-small deformed upper limbs with poorly appreciable upper limb skeleton. Induction of labour was done and patient delivered vaginally a female baby with deformed upper limbs. This case emphasizes the importance of proper history taking (family history), early diagnosis of such anomalies and proper counseling the parents

Cardiovascular risk factors and their association with carotid intima media thickness in children in Western India

Background: Cardiovascular disease occurs in early in Indians risk factors of which may start from childhood. Objective was to identify CV risk factors in children and study their association with carotid intima media thickness.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we studied children aged 4 to 14 years visiting our institute for routine health check-up. Data was collected on demographics, clinical and biochemical parameters. All patient underwent electrocardiographic, 2-D echocardiography examination. Carotid intima media thickness (CMT) was observed by carotid ultrasound.Results: In 378 children enrolled in the study, mean age was 9.1±2.6 years with 74.6% being males. Mean body mass index was 18.7±3.9 kg/m2. Among various CV risk factors, dyslipidemia (46.6%) was most common followed by family history of premature CV disease (9.5%), hypertension (4.49%), obesity (3.17%), smoking (1.05%). High dietary fat intake was seen in 22.2% cases. CMT showed significant association with age (p=0.027), BMI (p=0.031), systolic (p=0.026) and diastolic (p=0.036) blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p=0.001), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p=0.047). No association with fat intake or total calorie intake was observed.Conclusions: Dyslipidemia along other risk factors can be present as CV risk factor from early childhood. Screening of children for such risk factors to mitigate the risk of atherosclerotic CV disease in adulthood

Feto-maternal impact of altered lipid profile in pregnancy

Background: This study was aimed to evaluate the association of lipid profile with development of feto-maternal complications.Methods: This observational study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College Raipur during August 2015-November 2016. Total 200 study subjects were evaluated who were having normal lipid profile in 1st trimester.Results: Out of 200 antenatal women recruited in our study, 129 had normal lipid profile throughout pregnancy and 71 women developed dyslipidemia.89 % of those women having normal lipid profile did not develop any maternal or perinatal complication, showing a high negative predictive value (88.72%) and high specificity of 91.47%. We observed that the onset of dyslipidemia occurred in 2nd trimester and it was progressive. About 83.58 % of them developed toxemia of pregnancy (GHTN, preeclampsia, eclampsia), positive predictive value of 83.58%. The levels of TC (total cholesterol), TG(triglyceride), VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low density lipoprotein) were significantly (p<0.0001) higher in hypertensive women than normotensive women. Dyslipidemic women have developed significant (p= 0.00001) level of perinatal complications like preterm (18.05%), IUGR (15.28%) and IUD (13.89%). Sensitivity- 78.9, Specificity- 88.72, Positive likelihood ratio-9.25, Negative likelihood ratio- 0.23.Conclusions: Early pregnancy dyslipidemia was significantly associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Thus, evaluating dyslipidemia in 1st and 2nd trimester may help in early prediction and management of maternal as well as fetal complication

Island in Quark Cloud Model

We compute the entanglement entropy of Hawking radiation in a bath attached to a deformed eternal AdS black hole dual to field theories where each theory is backreacted by the presence of a uniform static distribution of heavy fundamental quarks. The entanglement entropy of the Hawking radiation increases linearly with time until an island emerges after the Page time, at that point the entanglement entropy saturates to a constant value twice the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the deformed black hole resulting in the Page curve. Furthermore, we study the effects of the backreaction on the Page curve and observe that introducing deformation delays the appearance of island and shifts the Page curve to a later time.Comment: 19 pages, 5 figure