Environmental Impact and Cost Benefit Analysis of Biological Control Application

The implications and interactions of the application of biological control agents in the environment, as well as the risks included by the introduction of exotic natural enemies are briefly reviewed. Description of the role of resistance or quality of the host plant to insect pests, and their interaction with biocontrol agents is provided. A need to increase applications or find new alternatives and environmental impact towards non target insects, and the real cost of its use against the benefits is discussed

Environmental Impact and Cost Benefit Analysis of Biological Control Application

The implications and interactions of the application of biological control agents in the environment, as well as the risks included by the introduction of exotic natural enemies are briefly reviewed. Description of the role of resistance or quality of the host plant to insect pests, and their interaction with biocontrol agents is provided. A need to increase applications or find new alternatives and environmental impact towards non target insects, and the real cost of its use against the benefits is discussed

PARASITOIDS AND PARASITES OF \u3ci\u3eSPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA\u3c/i\u3e (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN THE AMERICAS AND CARIBBEAN BASIN: AN INVENTORY

An inventory of parasitoids and parasites of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was conducted using references describing parasitized FAW eggs, larvae, pupae and adults collected from different crops or habitats throughout the Americas and the Caribbean Basin. The crops and countries where these parasites were reported occurring in the Americas is also inventoried. Maize was the crop where the FAW was more frequently collected followed by rice. Overall, Chelonus insularis (Cresson) had the broadest natural distribution in the Americas. For the North American region C. insulares , Chelonus sp., and Euplectrus platyhypenae (Howard) were the most relevant parasitoids. In Central America, C. insularis was the most prevalent parasitoid, and in the South American region the most prevalent parasites were Archytas incertus (Macq.), A. marmoratus (Tns.), C. insularis , and Meteorus laphygmae (Viereck). Diapetimorpha introita (Cresson) is the most important pupal parasitoid of FAW occurring mainly in North America. An acugutturid, Noctuidonema guyanense (Remillet & Silvain), is the most important ectoparasitic nematode attacking adults of FAW and other noctuid moths in South and Southeastern US, and Mexico in North America, Caribbean Basin, Central America, and Northern South America

Effect of Neem-based Botanicals and Abamectin 1.8% EC against \u3ci\u3ePhyllocnistis citrella\u3c/i\u3e1 in \u3ci\u3eCitrus reticulata\u3c/i\u3e (Rutaceae) Nursery Plantations

Citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, is an economically important insect pest of citrus in Pakistan, Mexico, the United States and many other citrus-producing countries. Extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss at 5 and 7% and its oil at 1 and 1.5% concentrations were tested in comparison to synthetic insecticide abamectin 1.8% EC against P. citrella in nursery plantations of Citrus reticulata L. Control of all larval instars of citrus leafminer was good with application of abamectin and A. indica oil during fall 2015 and summer 2016. Abamectin suppressed 75-90% of P. citrella larvae both seasons. A. indica oil at greater concentration (1.5%) provided the most control (65-88%) like abamectin but at less concentration (1%), control decreased slightly. Larvae of P. citrella were more sensitive to A. indica oil than to extract. Like abamectin, A. indica oil also better controlled citrus leafminer larvae and might be considered a promising tool for management of citrus leafminer. El minador foliar de los cítricos (MFC), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, es un insecto plaga económicamente importante de los cítricos de Pakistan, México, Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y de muchos países productores de cítricos. El extracto de Azadirachta indica A. Juss a las concentraciones de 5% y 7% y su aceite al 1% y 1.5% fueron probadas en comparación con el insecticida sintético abamectina al 1.8% CE en contra de P. citrella en plantaciones de vivero de mandarina, Citrus reticulata L. Los resultados mostraron que la tasa de control de todos los estadios larvarios del MFC fue alta con la aplicación de abamectina y el aceite de A. indica durante el otoño de 2015 y el verano de 2016. Sin embargo, el aceite de A. indica a la concentración más grande (1.5%) proporcionó el nivel de control más grande así como la abamectina, pero al disminuir su concentración (1%), la tasa de control disminuyó ligeramente. Las larvas de P. citrella fueron más sensibles al aceite que al extracto de A. indica. Además, también la abamectin y el aceite de indica también dieron mejor control de larvas del MFC; esto podría ser considerado como una herramienta promisoria para el manejo del MFC

Morphological and Genetic Analysis of Four Color Morphs of Bean Leaf Beetle

Bean leaf beetle (BLB), Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster; Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), exhibits considerable color variation but little is known about the underlying genetic structure and gene flow among color phenotypes. Genetic and morphological variation among four color phenotypes—green with spots (G+S), green without spots (G-S), red with spots (R+S) and red without spots (R-S)—were analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and morphometrics, respectively. AFLP generated 175 markers that showed ≥80% polymorphism. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that genetic variation was greatest within phenotypes (82.6–84.0%); gene flow among the four phenotypes was relatively high (Nm = 3.82). The dendrogram and STRUCTURE analysis indicated some population divergence of G-S from the other phenotypes. Morphological parameters were similar among phenotypes except that R+S showed significant differences in weight and body-length. Canonical variables 1 and 2, based on average morphometric characters, accounted for 98% of the total variation; some divergence was indicated between G+S and R+S from each other and from the G-S/R-S BLB color morphs. The pattern of genetic variation indicated potential divergence of G-S and G+S from each other and from R-S and R+S. Although these results indicate that the four different color morphs are not genetically or reproductively isolated, there is some genetic differentiation/structure and morphological dissimilarity suggesting weak/incomplete isolation

PARASITOIDS AND PARASITES OF \u3ci\u3eSPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA\u3c/i\u3e (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN THE AMERICAS AND CARIBBEAN BASIN: AN INVENTORY

An inventory of parasitoids and parasites of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was conducted using references describing parasitized FAW eggs, larvae, pupae and adults collected from different crops or habitats throughout the Americas and the Caribbean Basin. The crops and countries where these parasites were reported occurring in the Americas is also inventoried. Maize was the crop where the FAW was more frequently collected followed by rice. Overall, Chelonus insularis (Cresson) had the broadest natural distribution in the Americas. For the North American region C. insulares , Chelonus sp., and Euplectrus platyhypenae (Howard) were the most relevant parasitoids. In Central America, C. insularis was the most prevalent parasitoid, and in the South American region the most prevalent parasites were Archytas incertus (Macq.), A. marmoratus (Tns.), C. insularis , and Meteorus laphygmae (Viereck). Diapetimorpha introita (Cresson) is the most important pupal parasitoid of FAW occurring mainly in North America. An acugutturid, Noctuidonema guyanense (Remillet & Silvain), is the most important ectoparasitic nematode attacking adults of FAW and other noctuid moths in South and Southeastern US, and Mexico in North America, Caribbean Basin, Central America, and Northern South America

Incidence of \u3ci\u3eSpodoptera litura\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its feeding potential on various citrus (Sapindales: Rutaceae) cultivars in the Sargodha Region of Pakistan

Spodoptera litura F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) adversely affects important crops such as cotton, okra, tomato, potato, and pumpkin. For the first time, this species was observed in a citrus nursery in the Sargodha Region of Pakistan. The principal objectives of this study were to determine the effects of several citrus (Sapindales: Rutaceae) cultivars, including Citrus reticulata Blanco (Feutrell’s Early, Seedless Kinnow, and Fairchild mandarin orange) and Citrus paradisi Macfad. (grapefruit), on feeding by S. litura, and the effects of these plants on the growth of the insect. Based on performance of 3rd instars, Feutrell’s Early and Seedless Kinnow supported maximum relative growth rates, high efficiencies of conversion of ingested food, and high levels of leaf consumption and larval weight gain, relative to the other citrus cultivars. Values of these parameters were lowest on grapefruit. Thus, the mandarin oranges Feutrell’s Early and Seedless Kinnow were more susceptible to damage than grapefruit. Spodoptera litura F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) es una plaga muy importante que ataca adversamente a muchos cultivos importantes tales como algodón, okra, jitomate, papa, y calabaza. Se reporta por primera vez a S. litura atacando en un vivero de cítricos (Sapindales: Rutaceae) en la región de Sargodha, Pakistán. Los objetvos principales de este estudio fueron determinar los efectos del potencial alimenticio de S. litura sobre diferentes variedades de cítricos incluyendo a Citrus reticulata Blanco (Feutrell’s Early, Seedless Kinnow, Fairchild) and Citrus paradisi Macfad. (toronja). El potencial alimenticio de larvas de tercer estadio sugieren que Feutrell’s Early y Seedless Kinnow soportan mayor tasa de crecimiento relativo (TCR) así como los valores más altos de eficiencia de conversión de alimento ingerido (ECI), y consumo de área foliar entre las variedades de cítricos. Los valores más bajos de estos parámetros fueron observados en la variedad de toronja. Los resultados indicaron que Feutrell’s Early y Seedless Kinnow fueron las variedades más nutritivas y susceptibles entre las variedades cítricos ya que mostraron los valores más grandes de TCR, ECI, ganancia de peso larvario, consume de área foliar y pérdida de peso de follaje; por el contrario, en la variedad de toronja se corroboró como la menos nutritiva para S. litura, ya que produjo los valores más bajos de TCR and peso de excretas (PE)

Incidence of \u3ci\u3eSpodoptera litura\u3c/i\u3e (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its feeding potential on various citrus (Sapindales: Rutaceae) cultivars in the Sargodha Region of Pakistan

Spodoptera litura F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) adversely affects important crops such as cotton, okra, tomato, potato, and pumpkin. For the first time, this species was observed in a citrus nursery in the Sargodha Region of Pakistan. The principal objectives of this study were to determine the effects of several citrus (Sapindales: Rutaceae) cultivars, including Citrus reticulata Blanco (Feutrell’s Early, Seedless Kinnow, and Fairchild mandarin orange) and Citrus paradisi Macfad. (grapefruit), on feeding by S. litura, and the effects of these plants on the growth of the insect. Based on performance of 3rd instars, Feutrell’s Early and Seedless Kinnow supported maximum relative growth rates, high efficiencies of conversion of ingested food, and high levels of leaf consumption and larval weight gain, relative to the other citrus cultivars. Values of these parameters were lowest on grapefruit. Thus, the mandarin oranges Feutrell’s Early and Seedless Kinnow were more susceptible to damage than grapefruit. Spodoptera litura F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) es una plaga muy importante que ataca adversamente a muchos cultivos importantes tales como algodón, okra, jitomate, papa, y calabaza. Se reporta por primera vez a S. litura atacando en un vivero de cítricos (Sapindales: Rutaceae) en la región de Sargodha, Pakistán. Los objetvos principales de este estudio fueron determinar los efectos del potencial alimenticio de S. litura sobre diferentes variedades de cítricos incluyendo a Citrus reticulata Blanco (Feutrell’s Early, Seedless Kinnow, Fairchild) and Citrus paradisi Macfad. (toronja). El potencial alimenticio de larvas de tercer estadio sugieren que Feutrell’s Early y Seedless Kinnow soportan mayor tasa de crecimiento relativo (TCR) así como los valores más altos de eficiencia de conversión de alimento ingerido (ECI), y consumo de área foliar entre las variedades de cítricos. Los valores más bajos de estos parámetros fueron observados en la variedad de toronja. Los resultados indicaron que Feutrell’s Early y Seedless Kinnow fueron las variedades más nutritivas y susceptibles entre las variedades cítricos ya que mostraron los valores más grandes de TCR, ECI, ganancia de peso larvario, consume de área foliar y pérdida de peso de follaje; por el contrario, en la variedad de toronja se corroboró como la menos nutritiva para S. litura, ya que produjo los valores más bajos de TCR and peso de excretas (PE)

A Century and a Half of Research on the Stable Fly, \u3ci\u3eStomoxys calcitrans\u3c/i\u3e (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), 1862-2011: An Annotated Bibliography

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is a cosmopolitan pest of livestock, wild animals, pets, and humans. It is a primary pest of cattle in the United States, estimated to cause more than $1 billion in economic losses annually. It also causes dissension at the rural-urban interface and is a problem in recreation areas such as Florida beaches and the Great Lakes. Due to its pestiferous nature and painful bite, methods to control stable flies have been investigated for over a century. A large amount of research has been reported on stable fly biology, ecology, genetics, physiology, and vector competence. For this bibliography, literature has been gathered from journals and other resources available to the authors, and a selected number of articles have been annotated. This bibliography represents an update of literature published since 1980; literature from pre-1980 was included if copy could be ascertained

A Century and a Half of Research on the Stable Fly, \u3ci\u3eStomoxys calcitrans\u3c/i\u3e (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), 1862-2011: An Annotated Bibliography

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is a cosmopolitan pest of livestock, wild animals, pets, and humans. It is a primary pest of cattle in the United States, estimated to cause more than $1 billion in economic losses annually. It also causes dissension at the rural-urban interface and is a problem in recreation areas such as Florida beaches and the Great Lakes. Due to its pestiferous nature and painful bite, methods to control stable flies have been investigated for over a century. A large amount of research has been reported on stable fly biology, ecology, genetics, physiology, and vector competence. For this bibliography, literature has been gathered from journals and other resources available to the authors, and a selected number of articles have been annotated. This bibliography represents an update of literature published since 1980; literature from pre-1980 was included if copy could be ascertained