520 research outputs found
On minimal coverings of groups by proper normalizers
For a finite group , a {\it normalizer covering} of is a set of proper
normalizers of some subgroups of whose union is . First we give a
necessary and sufficient condition for a group having a {\it normalizer
covering}. Also, we find some properties of -groups ( a prime) having a
normalizer covering. For a group with a normalizer covering, we define
the minimum cardinality amongst all the normalizer coverings of
. In this article, we show that if is a -group with a normalizer
covering, then or 5. Finally, for any prime and positive
integer , we construct a solvable group with
Investigation on microstructure and oxidation behavior of Cr-modified aluminide coating on Ξ³-TiAl alloys
Microstructure and oxidation behavior of aluminide coating has been investigated. The layers were examined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with EDS and X-ray diffraction method. The isothermal oxidation behaviors of samples were investigated at 950Β°C for 200 h. The results indicated that TiAlβ were formed on substrate. In addition, aluminide coating improved the oxidation resistance of Ξ³-TiAl alloys by forming a protective alumina scale. Moreover, during oxidation treatment the interdiffusion of TiAlβ layer with Ξ³-TiAl substrate results in depletion of aluminum in the TiAlβ layer and growth of TiAlβ layer. After oxidation treatment the coating layer maintained a microstructure with phases including TiAlβ, TiAlβ and AlβOβ.ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ΄ ΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ. Π¨Π°ΡΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠ΄ΡΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΡ (SΠΠ) Π· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° (EDS) ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠ²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ 950Β°C Π²ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆ 200 h. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΡ Π· ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ TiAlβ. ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ² Π· Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΉΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ² Π· Ξ³-TiAl, ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°Ρ
ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ²ΠΊΡ Π· ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΄ ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ·ΡΠΉΠ½Π° Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ TiAlβ Π· ΠΏΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΡ Ξ³-TiAl ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡ Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡ TiAlβ ΡΠ° Π·Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡ TiAlβ. ΠΡΡΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Π· ΡΠ°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΡΡΡΡ TiAlβ, TiAlβ ΡΠ° AlβOβ.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π‘Π»ΠΎΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ (SΠΠ) Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° (EDS) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ 950Β°C Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 200 h. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ TiAlβ. ΠΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· Ξ³-TiAl, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ TiAlβ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Ξ³-TiAl Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π°Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅ TiAlβ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ TiAlβ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ TiAlβ, TiAlβ ΠΈ AlβOβ
Adiabatic dynamic causal modelling
This technical note introduces adiabatic dynamic causal modelling, a method for inferring slow changes in biophysical parameters that control fluctuations of fast neuronal states. The application domain we have in mind is inferring slow changes in variables (e.g., extracellular ion concentrations or synaptic efficacy) that underlie phase transitions in brain activity (e.g., paroxysmal seizure activity). The scheme is efficient and yet retains a biophysical interpretation, in virtue of being based on established neural mass models that are equipped with a slow dynamic on the parameters (such as synaptic rate constants or effective connectivity). In brief, we use an adiabatic approximation to summarise fast fluctuations in hidden neuronal states (and their expression in sensors) in terms of their second order statistics; namely, their complex cross spectra. This allows one to specify and compare models of slowly changing parameters (using Bayesian model reduction) that generate a sequence of empirical cross spectra of electrophysiological recordings. Crucially, we use the slow fluctuations in the spectral power of neuronal activity as empirical priors on changes in synaptic parameters. This introduces a circular causality, in which synaptic parameters underwrite fast neuronal activity that, in turn, induces activity-dependent plasticity in synaptic parameters. In this foundational paper, we describe the underlying model, establish its face validity using simulations and provide an illustrative application to a chemoconvulsant animal model of seizure activity
Support in Clinical Settings as Perceived by Nursing Students in Iran: A Qualitative Study
Background: Although support is one of the most substantial needs of nursing students during clinical education, it is not clearly defined in the literature.
Objectives: The current study aimed to explore the concept of support in clinical settings as perceived by nursing students.
Materials and Methods: A qualitative content analysis was used to explore the meaning of student support in clinical settings. A purposive sampling with maximum variation was used to select the participants among bachelor nursing students in the nursing school of Babol University of Medical Sciences in the north of Iran. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather the perceptions and experiences of seventeen nursing students. Conventional content analysis was applied to analyze the data.
Results: In the current study, the main theme, nurturance, was emerged with seven subthemes of humanistic behavior with the student, respectful communication with students, accepting the student in the clinical setting, sustaining confidence, need based supervision, accepting the profession in the society and empowerment.
Conclusions: Nursing students support in the clinical education requires a nurturing care; a care that leads to the sense of worthiness and respectability in students and contributes to the improvement of their clinical abilities
Improvement of Compressible Vorticity Confinement Method by Combining It with Vortex Feature Detection Methods
In the present study, the performance of the vorticity confinement method has been improved by combining it with the vortex feature detection methods. In the conventional vorticity confinement method, the only parameter to apply or not to apply vorticity confinement is the non-zero value of vorticity. On the other hand, the presence of vorticity in some cases, like the boundary layer and the shear layer flows, does not imply the presence of vortices. Applying the vorticity confinement at these points can lead to errors, in addition to loss of solution time. In order to solve this problem, using the combination of vorticity confinement method and four methods of vortex feature detection (nondimensional Q, nondimensional Ξ»_2, nondimensional modified β, and the S-β¦ correlation) the vorticity confinement term is applied only in vortex regions. In order to investigate the effects of this combination, the compressible Euler equation has been investigated for the problem of two-dimensional stationary single vortex at Mach number 0.5. The results indicate significant positive effects in reducing the solving time, decreasing the sensitivity of the solution to the amount of confinement parameter and significant elimination of the oscillation
Effects of essential oils of Satureja bachtiarica and Nigella sativa on the efficacy of lactococcosis vaccine in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Lactococcosis has been defined as acute septicaemia, which causes economic losses in farmed fish, especially in rainbow trout. This study was done to evaluate the effects of the essential oils of Satureja bachtiarica and Nigella sativa on the efficacy of lactococcosis vaccine in rainbow trout. A total number of 270 fishes with a mean weight of 120 g were obtained; they were randomly divided into nine groups, each with three replicates, after two weeks of adaptation. The groups were: no injection group, vaccine only group, DMSO injection group, vaccine with 50, 100, and 200 micrograms Intraperitoneal injection (IP) injection. Two, four, and six weeks after vaccination, serological and haematological parameters were evaluated. In the sixth week, 1.7Γ10^7 cfu as LD50 96 hrs of Lactococcus garvieae were IP injected and the relative survival percentage was calculated. The results indicated that N. sativa essence is effective on the leukocyte population as the highest number of leukocytes were found in fish receiving high concentration of N. sativa. The relative survival rate of the studied fish decreased with decreasing concentrations of the N. sativa essential oil concentration, with a significant difference with control groups (p<0.05). However, using S. bachtiarica was not significantly effective on the relative survival rate of fish. The results of this study indicated that N. sativa essential oil can be used as adjuvant for L. garvieae vaccine, since it resulted in increasing leukocytes and the relative survival rate although S. bachtiarica was not effective on immune parameters of the studied fish
Comparison of Various Compressible Vorticity Confinement Methods and Development Two New Confinement Parameters
In this paper, vorticity confinement parameters are successfully developed for compressible flows. The first new confinement parameter is proportional to spectral radii of the flux Jacobian matrix. Therefore, the confinement parameter implicitly contains the local conditions of the flow field. This new method is named as lambda vorticity confinement method. In order to gain confidence in the applicability of vorticity confinement, it would be ideal to completely eliminate constant coefficients from confinement parameters. Because these constant coefficients should be determined for every problem by trial and error and it takes a long time. In the next part of this paper, a suitable
relation is introduced for the vorticity confinement parameter that doesnβt need any constant coefficient. This new method is named as adaptive vorticity confinement method. Then the capability of these new methods is compared with the other vorticity confinement methods for solving shock-vortex interaction and three dimensional moving vortex problems
The Effect of Experience on Recognition of Motherβs Voice in Preterm Infants
Background: According to existing theories, supportive cares provided through specific kinds of stimuli affect the growth, development
and neurobehavioral functioning of preterm infants. Some of the studies indicate that the fetal heart rate response to
motherβs voice begins in the week 32 of pregnancy. However, the fact that whether preterm infant is able to recognize motherβs live
voice from the voice of a stranger woman is unknown.
Objectives: The present study aimed to compare the effects of motherβs voice and a strangerβs voice on the heart rate of preterm
infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
Methods: In a clinical trial study, 66 preterm infants hospitalized in the NICU were randomly assigned into three groups of 22
(i.e. motherβs voice and strangerβs voice groups and a silent group). The infantsβ heart rates were recorded by a monitoring system
in all of the three groups each five minutes for 30 minutes overall (10 minutes before, during and after the intervention) in three
consecutive days. Both one-way and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyze the data in terms of significant
differences. Also, the chi-square test and analysis of variance were used to compare the demographic variables of the groups.
Results: The heart rate of the infants in the motherβs voice group, strangerβs voice group and the silent group were 133.99 οΏ½ 2.72,
134.26 οΏ½ 2.43 and 137.94 οΏ½ 2.92 per minutes, respectively (P > 0.588) and changed to 143.42 οΏ½ 2.85, 133.22 οΏ½ 2.15 and 138.28 οΏ½ 2.21,
respectively (P = 0.016). Moreover, the infantsβ heart rates were respectively 136.87οΏ½3.38, 132.68οΏ½2.22 and 138.19οΏ½2.65 per minutes,
10 minutes after the intervention (P > 0.345).
Conclusions: No significant difference was found between the mean heart rates of the three groups neither before, nor 10 minutes
after the intervention. However, a significant difference was observed among the three groups during the intervention. Therefore,
we can conclude that the preterm infants can recall and differentiate their mothersβ voice from the voice of a stranger. Then, an
opportunity can be provided during the developmental care for the infants to hear their mothersβ voice
- β¦