Control of the wax moth Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by the male sterile technique (MST)

In this study we examined the control of wax moth using the male sterile technique (MST) with gamma-rays. To determine the safe and effective dosage of gamma-rays capable of sterilizing male pupae of the wax moth, male pupae were exposed to increasing single doses of gamma-rays (250, 300, 350 and 400 Gy). The release ratio of sterile to normal males was also studied in a similar experiment. Treatments included sterile males, normal males and virgin females at the following ratios: 1:1:1, 2:1:1, 3:1:1, 4:1:1 and 5:1:1. Possible parthenogenetic reproduction of this pest was also examined. The results showed that 350 Gy was the most effective dose capable of sterilizing the male pupae of the wax moth. The best release ratio was established at four sterile males, one normal male for each normal female (4:1:1). Also females were incapable of producing offspring without males

Pressure leaching of copper sulphide from nickel refining : Initial experiments for valorisation

Copper sulphide rich leach residue from nickel refining is a marketable product and may be treated by smelting. In looking for another refining technology for its valorisation, the raw material was characterised and suitability of medium-temperature sulphate-based pressure leaching was tested for this purpose. The raw material contained 58% copper carried in covellite and copper oxides. Using favourable conditions, about two hours was needed for the completion of leaching. Copper extraction increased to over 99% with increasing sulphide oxidation to sulphate (92.3–99.8%) at 165 °C, and at low final acidity (20–26 g/L). In these conditions, the extraction of residual nickel was at least 99% and acid consumption 220–230 kg/t solids. The extent of sulphate formation appeared to depend on temperature, acidity and agitation. Sulphur agglomeration and scale formation occurred at low acidity between 125 and 145 °C. Iron hydrolysis during leaching was shown to remove iron from the solution to levels acceptable for electrowinning. The noble metals appeared to remain in the residue. In addition, significant portions of the impurities were released into solution. The copper dissolved could be subjected to direct recovery and the leach residue could be sold as a by-product to a precious metals refinery.Peer reviewe