Rhythm and Rhyme Management in Poetry Translation

IntroductionThe rhythm, which means the repetition of elements, is one of the principles in all arts: music, dance, poetry, and theatre. In poetry, the repetition of words, sounds, and phrases creates rhythm. Perhaps an example can clarify the concept of rhythm. If a person's footprint on the beach's sand is an example of rhythm, the places where he puts his foot on the sand and digs it is called a beat (or motif); And the distance between beats is called space. That is, we can consider rhythm a set of beats that are separated by spaces. Based on the differences between the beats of a chain or the differences between the spaces of a chain, we can classify the rhythms. In this article, we show that although rhythm is important, experts have not paid much attention to it. At first, we try to provide a more accurate definition of it; and we introduce its subcategories with the definition and example. Then we remind that in fact, the rhythm of poetry is one of the examples of rhythm; As well as one of the physical characteristics of the language.language can be divided into two semantic and physical layers from one perspective. The semantic layer consists of meanings and concepts. This layer is not an objective layer and its elements cannot be touched, seen, or heard. The physical layer consists of elements such as words or rhythms and rhymes. This layer is objective and tangible. In fact, in linguistic communication, the physical layer is transmitted and activates the semantic layer in the mind of the audience.  MethodologyIn the present study, we intend to achieve the most effective style of translation of poetry from French into Persian. For this reason, we have compared the opinions of various experts on the role of the physical layer of language in the translation of poetry; in addition, we have compared different styles of translation of poetry into Persian; we have also compared the types of rhythms and rhymes in Farsi.  DiscussionIn our opinion, the physical layer of language is highly used in literature, especially in poetry. Our issue is whether translators can translate the physical layer. Do we need to translate this layer? If the answer is yes, how should we do this? This paper attempts to answer these questions. Of course, our focus is on the rhythm and the rhyme, and we examine the «translation into Persian», not the «translation from Persian».We want to answer this question, which in the translation of poetry from European languages into Persian, considering the differences between them and Persian, a translator, what physical facilities can use. We know that rhythm and rhyme are a poem's most important physical elements, and we want to know what they do in the translation process. Our effort is to explain to the reader using a set of evidence, some of the ambiguous concepts.Based on the relationship that may form between the source poetry and the destination poetry, we can expect a variety of approaches to translating poetry. However, if we want to make a general classification, we can separate the three main approaches (Vide: Boase-Beier, 2009: 194): Prose rendering. In this approach, semantic characteristics are recreated, and poetic characteristics such as rhythm and rhyme are eliminated. Such an approach can only convey the concepts and imagery to the translation audience. Adaptation. In this approach, the most important semantic characteristics and sometimes even the most important poetic characteristics are eliminated, to increase the impact of the poem created in the destination language. Translators who use this approach sometimes claim that the work they created must be evaluated as independent work. Recreative. In this approach, the semantic and poetic characteristics of the original poem are recreated using the destination language facilities. The purpose of the translation that chooses this approach is to achieve a relative resemblance between the poetry of origin and its translation.In this article, our focus is on the recreative approach. It should be noted that the methods of taking any approach could be changed. That is, in different ways, one can follow a specific path. Based on the relationship that may form between the origin rhythm and the destination rhythm, we can expect a variety of approaches. Overall, three approaches can be used to translate poetry rhythm (Vide: Holmes, 1988: 25-27): Mimetic. In this approach, the origin rhythm structure is recreated in the destination language; Of course, there is no guarantee for the result. Hexameters, for example, are natural for French speakers, while for English speakers who are accustomed to Pentameters, such a rhythm is heavy. Analogical. In this approach, a structure is used in the destination language, which has a similar effect to the origin rhythm structure. For example, in translation from France to English, pentameters are used instead of Hexameters. Organic. In this approach, the translator uses a rhythm that he thinks is more appropriate. That is, there is no relationship between the destination rhythm and the origin rhythm.We believe that the nature of the rhythm of poetry is not well known. Therefore, our first attempt is to study it. We have hypotheses that show how it works. The basics of the rhythm of poetry are different in different languages; we refer to them. Meanwhile, we explain different opinions and try to choose among them, the idea that seems more appropriate. We will talk about all kinds of rhythms and rhymes; and of course, in Persian poetry, rhyme and fixed-rhyme [: radif] are interrelated. When we talk about rhythm and rhyme, we also have to talk about modern formats and rhythms. We try to ignore semantic issues; in no way, we will not enter issues like imagination; we only deal with language physics. Then we introduce a kind of developed rhyme called super-rhyme, and we give examples to show its performance. Super-rhyme is objectively like a classical rhyme-in-prose [: saj?]. In the end, we examine three translations of a French poem.  ConclusionFinally, we conclude that because the formats of classical Persian poetry and the vocabulary and concepts that form it are limited and unchanged, this genre cannot be a suitable container for the content of a poem from another culture. On the other hand, since the new vocabulary does not fit in the classic rhythm, the freshness of the source poem will be hurt. Therefore, to achieve the best result, it is better to use non-metric rhythm and super-rhyme; Classic formats generally restrict translation; so if they need to be used, we can simulate them; That is, we can create a quasi-classic format with non-metric rhythm and super-rhyme. In other words, non-metric rhythm and super-rhyme can greatly increase the quality of a translation. Every translated poem has two identities. An identity that is dependent on the source poem, and by comparing the translation with it, we can evaluate that identity, and an identity that is independent of the source poetry, and by comparing the translation with the poems in the target language, we can evaluate that identity; so a successful translation is a translation that has two acceptable identities. In the article, we have introduced a new style in translation, which consists of a kind of rhythmic prose and a kind of developed rhyme and maximizes the impact of a translated poem without weakening its semantic aspect.

Sodium fluoride addition to a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system: effect on dentin microtensile bond strength and durability

Introduction: Studies have suggested that sodium fluoride (NaF) has an inhibitory effect on the activity of endogenous matrix metalloproteinase enzymes. This study assessed the effect of a fluoride-containing adhesive on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) over time. Material & Methods: In this experimental study, 36 extracted  third molars were used to evaluate the µTBS of a 5th generation adhesive modified by NaF. The exposed dentin surfaces were abraded and built up using composite resin. Then, the specimens were randomly divided into three groups of 12 teeth based on the type of adhesive used: Solobond M with no inhibitor (control); Solobond M with 5,000 ppm NaF; and Solobond M with 10,000 ppm NaF. The µTBS and failure mode of specimens were evaluated after 24-hour and 3-month storage in distilled water. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test. P<0.05 was considered as significant level. Results: The control group demonstrated a lower µTBS than the experimental groups after 24 hours and 3 months (p<0.05). The µTBS was higher in adhesive with 5,000 ppm NaF than in control group after 3 months (p<0.05). The group with 10,000 ppm NaF had the highest µTBS after 24 hours and 3 months (p<0.05). Conclusion: The fluoride-containing adhesives showed significantly higher bond strength values than the original adhesive without fluoride after 24-hour and 3-month storage in distilled water, leading to the improvement of resin-dentin bonds

Effects of Preemptive and Preventive intravenous Paracetamol on postoperative pain and opioid consumption in patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy

Background: Adequate pain control is a goal in post operative recovery. However opioids provide good analgesic effects, their side effects such as postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) limit their administration. Intravenous Paracetamol as a safe and well tolerated drug with lower side effects can be used instead of opioids for pain management.Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare preemptive or preventive administration of paracetamol with placebo group to investigate its effects on pain control and opioid consumption in patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy.Patients and Methods: Ninety patients were randomly divided to three groups. Preemptive group received 1 gr paracetamol in 100 ml normal saline 30 minutes before induction of anesthesia, Preventive group received 1 gr paracetamol in 100 ml normal saline before closure of the skin and placebo group just received 100 ml normal saline. Post surgical pain was assessed using Verbal Rating Scale (VRS). Pethidine 0.25 mg/kg was administered and repeated each 10 minutes to control pain. Pain scores, total dose of opioid and symptoms like nausea and vomiting were recorded. Results: Preemptive and Preventive groups had lower pain scores than placebo group. Opioid consumption and PONV were significantly higher in placebo group. No significant differences were observed between Preemptive and Preventive groups.Conclusion: IV Paracetamol can provide an adequate pain control with low side effects and may be an effective choice in management of post operative pain in patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectom

Analogs of Rashba-Edelstein effect from density functional theory

Studies of structure-property relationships in spintronics are essential for the design of materials that can fill specific roles in devices. For example, materials with low symmetry allow unconventional configurations of charge-to-spin conversion which can be used to generate efficient spin-orbit torques. Here, we explore the relationship between crystal symmetry and geometry of the Rashba-Edelstein effect (REE) that causes spin accumulation in response to an applied electric current. Based on a symmetry analysis performed for 230 crystallographic space groups, we identify classes of materials that can host conventional or collinear REE. Although transverse spin accumulation is commonly associated with the so-called 'Rashba materials', we show that the presence of specific spin texture does not easily translate to the configuration of REE. More specifically, bulk crystals may simultaneously host different types of spin-orbit fields, depending on the crystallographic point group and the symmetry of the specific $k$-vector, which, averaged over the Brillouin zone, determine the direction and magnitude of the induced spin accumulation. To explore the connection between crystal symmetry, spin texture, and the magnitude of REE, we perform first-principles calculations for representative materials with different symmetries. We believe that our results will be helpful for further computational and experimental studies, as well as the design of spintronics devices.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure

Nonlinear magnetotransport in MoTe2{}_2

The shape of the Fermi surface influences many physical phenomena in materials and a growing interest in how the spin-dependent properties are related to the fermiology of crystals has surged. Recently, a novel current-dependent nonlinear magnetoresistance effect, known as bilinear magnetoelectric resistance (BMR), has been shown to be not only sensitive to the spin-texture in spin-polarized non-magnetic materials, but also dependent on the convexity of the Fermi surface in topological semimetals. In this paper, we show that the temperature dependence of the BMR signal strongly depends on the crystal axis of the semimetallic MoTe${}_2$. For the a-axis, the amplitude of the signal remains fairly constant, while for the b-axis it reverses sign at about 100 K. We calculate the BMR efficiencies at 10 K to be $\chi^{J}_{A} = (100\pm3)$ nm${}^2$T${}^{-1}$A${}^{-1}$ and $\chi^{J}_{B} = (-364\pm13)$ nm${}^2$T${}^{-1}$A${}^{-1}$ for the a- and b-axis, respectively, and we find that they are comparable to the efficiencies measured for WTe${}_2$. We use density functional theory calculations to compute the Fermi surfaces of both phases at different energy levels and we observe a change in convexity of the outer-most electron pocket as a function of the Fermi energy. Our results suggest that the BMR signal is mostly dominated by the change in the Fermi surface convexity

Nonlinear magnetotransport in MoTe2{}_2

The shape of the Fermi surface influences many physical phenomena in materials and a growing interest in how the spin-dependent properties are related to the fermiology of crystals has surged. Recently, a novel current-dependent nonlinear magnetoresistance effect, known as bilinear magnetoelectric resistance (BMR), has been shown to be not only sensitive to the spin-texture in spin-polarized non-magnetic materials, but also dependent on the convexity of the Fermi surface in topological semimetals. In this paper, we show that the temperature dependence of the BMR signal strongly depends on the crystal axis of the semimetallic MoTe${}_2$. For the a-axis, the amplitude of the signal remains fairly constant, while for the b-axis it reverses sign at about 100 K. We calculate the BMR efficiencies at 10 K to be $\chi^{J}_{A} = (100\pm3)$ nm${}^2$T${}^{-1}$A${}^{-1}$ and $\chi^{J}_{B} = (-364\pm13)$ nm${}^2$T${}^{-1}$A${}^{-1}$ for the a- and b-axis, respectively, and we find that they are comparable to the efficiencies measured for WTe${}_2$. We use density functional theory calculations to compute the Fermi surfaces of both phases at different energy levels and we observe a change in convexity of the outer-most electron pocket as a function of the Fermi energy. Our results suggest that the BMR signal is mostly dominated by the change in the Fermi surface convexity

Nonlinear magnetotransport in MoTe2{}_2

The shape of the Fermi surface influences many physical phenomena in materials and a growing interest in how the spin-dependent properties are related to the fermiology of crystals has surged. Recently, a novel current-dependent nonlinear magnetoresistance effect, known as bilinear magnetoelectric resistance (BMR), has been shown to be not only sensitive to the spin-texture in spin-polarized non-magnetic materials, but also dependent on the convexity of the Fermi surface in topological semimetals. In this paper, we show that the temperature dependence of the BMR signal strongly depends on the crystal axis of the semimetallic MoTe${}_2$. For the a-axis, the amplitude of the signal remains fairly constant, while for the b-axis it reverses sign at about 100 K. We calculate the BMR efficiencies at 10 K to be $\chi^{J}_{A} = (100\pm3)$ nm${}^2$T${}^{-1}$A${}^{-1}$ and $\chi^{J}_{B} = (-364\pm13)$ nm${}^2$T${}^{-1}$A${}^{-1}$ for the a- and b-axis, respectively, and we find that they are comparable to the efficiencies measured for WTe${}_2$. We use density functional theory calculations to compute the Fermi surfaces of both phases at different energy levels and we observe a change in convexity of the outer-most electron pocket as a function of the Fermi energy. Our results suggest that the BMR signal is mostly dominated by the change in the Fermi surface convexity

Nonlinear magnetotransport in MoTe2{}_2

The shape of the Fermi surface influences many physical phenomena in materials and a growing interest in how the spin-dependent properties are related to the fermiology of crystals has surged. Recently, a novel current-dependent nonlinear magnetoresistance effect, known as bilinear magnetoelectric resistance (BMR), has been shown to be not only sensitive to the spin-texture in spin-polarized non-magnetic materials, but also dependent on the convexity of the Fermi surface in topological semimetals. In this paper, we show that the temperature dependence of the BMR signal strongly depends on the crystal axis of the semimetallic MoTe${}_2$. For the a-axis, the amplitude of the signal remains fairly constant, while for the b-axis it reverses sign at about 100 K. We calculate the BMR efficiencies at 10 K to be $\chi^{J}_{A} = (100\pm3)$ nm${}^2$T${}^{-1}$A${}^{-1}$ and $\chi^{J}_{B} = (-364\pm13)$ nm${}^2$T${}^{-1}$A${}^{-1}$ for the a- and b-axis, respectively, and we find that they are comparable to the efficiencies measured for WTe${}_2$. We use density functional theory calculations to compute the Fermi surfaces of both phases at different energy levels and we observe a change in convexity of the outer-most electron pocket as a function of the Fermi energy. Our results suggest that the BMR signal is mostly dominated by the change in the Fermi surface convexity

Effect of intraductal drug delivery of orexin receptor antagonists into rat mammary gland on milk triacylglycerol level: Possible molecular interaction with Gpat1 and Gpat4 genes: Orexin receptor antagonists change milk TAG level

Although previous studies have demonstrated the importance of the orexin system in regulating enzymes involved in lipogenesis, its exact mechanism and the extent of this effect on different enzymes have remained unexplored. In this regard, this study is aimed at investigating the intra-duct injection of orexin receptor 1 and 2 antagonists (OX1RA and OX2RA) into the mammary glands. More specifically, the study probes the effect of this injection on glycerol 3-phosphate acyl transferase (Gpat1 and Gpat4) genes as well as the milk's triacylglycerol (TAG) level in lactating Wistar rats. Twenty four lactating Wistar rats were randomly divided into different experimental groups including the control group, the group receiving OX1RA and OX2RA intraductally (at doses of 5, 10, and 20 µg/kg of B.W.). Six hours after injection, the collection of milk samples were done using rat milking device, and TAG measurements were carried out. Moreover, using real time PCR, we measured target genes by a specific primer for each gene. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc tests were used to analyze the results and the level of significance was considered P<0.05. The findings of the present study showed that the injection of orexin antagonists at a dose of 10 μg/kg resulted in a significant reduction in Gpat1 and Gpat4 gene expressions. In addition, the injection of antagonists with the same dose caused a significant decrease in TAG levels. Intra-ductal injection of orexin antagonists into the mammary gland decreases milk TAG levels and decreases the expression of Gpat1 and Gpat4 genes