Cytotoxicity of histamine determined by MTT assay.

<p>MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, *P < 0.05 vs. control.</p

Effects of trichostatin A on migration ability of TGF-β1-stimulated A549 cells were measured using cell migration assay (A) and transwell invasion assay (B).

<p>Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM of independent experiments. *P < 0.05 vs. control. †P < 0.05 vs. TGF-β1 alone. Scale bar = 50 μm.</p

Trichostatin A Inhibits Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Induced by TGF-β1 in Airway Epithelium - Fig 7

<p>Effects of trichostatin A on expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin, snail, and slug proteins in TGF-β1-stimulated primary nasal epithelial cells were determined by immunofluorescent staining (A). Effects of trichostatin A on expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin protein in TGF-β1-stimulated inferior turbinate tissue were determined by western blotting (B). Representative of independent experiments. Scale bar = 50 μm.</p

Effects of trichostatin A on expression of snail and slug mRNA and protein in TGF-β1-stimulated A549 cells were determined by RT-PCR (A) and western blotting (B) (Representative of independent experiments).

<p>Values are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of independent experiments. *P < 0.05 vs. control. †P < 0.05 vs. TGF-β1 alone. GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.</p

Signaling pathway for DEP-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in nasal fibroblasts and organ culture of nasal inferior turbinate.

<p>DEP-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 is mediated by the dual signaling pathways of p38 and Akt, which converge on the NF-κB pathway.</p

Signaling pathway of DEP-induced IL-6 and IL-8 expression in nasal fibroblasts.

<p>(A) The expression level of phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) and Akt (p-Akt) was determined by western blot in nasal fibroblast treated by DEP (50 μg/mL), in the in the presence or absence of SB203580 (p38 inhibitor, 10 μmol/L) or LY294002 (Akt inhibitor, 10 μmol/L). β-actin was used as an internal control. (B) Expression levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were measured by ELISA after treatment with DEP with or without SB203580 or LY294002. The graphic data represents the means ± SEM of three independent experiments. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 compared to control; † p<0.05 compared to treatment with DEP alone. </p

Effect of baicalin on IL-1β-stimulated migration in nasal fibroblasts.

<p>Nasal fibroblasts were stimulated with IL-1β (10 ng/ml) alone or in conjunction with baicalin (50 μM) up to 48 hours. (A) Phase-contrast images (200x) of the migration scratch assay at 48 hours. (B) The distance of cell migration was measured from the phase-contrast images (200x) taken at 0 to 48 hours. (C) Phase-contrast images (200x) of the transwell migration assay at 48 hours. (D) The number of cell migration was counted from phase-contrast images (400x) taken at 0 to 48 hours. Values are the mean ± SEM of independent samples. *<i>p</i> < 0.05 vs. control; ^†<i>p</i> < 0.05 vs. IL-1β alone.</p

Effect of baicalin on IL-1β-stimulated collagen contraction and activity of MMP-1 in nasal fibroblasts.

<p>Nasal fibroblasts were stimulated with IL-1β (10 ng/ml) alone or in conjunction with baicalin (50 μM) for 72 hours. (A) Contractile activity was assessed by a collagen gel contraction assay and the contraction area was measured. (B) Collagenase activity, matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 secretion was measured using collagen zymography. Values are the mean ± SEM of independent samples. *<i>p</i> < 0.05 vs. control; ^†<i>p</i> < 0.05 vs. IL-1β alone.</p

Cytokine and chemokine array in DEP-induced nasal fibroblasts.

<p>After nasal fibroblasts were untreated or treated with DEP (50 μg/ml) for 72 hours, cytokine and chemokine array was performed. Profiles of mean spot pixel density were measured using Quantity One software (Bio-Rad). The relative levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were much higher in DEP-induced nasal fibroblasts than in untreated cells. The levels of MIF, pentraxin-3, and uPAR were also higher in DEP-induced nasal fibroblasts. The graphic data represents the means ± S.E.M. for four donors. * <i>p</i><0.05; ** <i>p</i><0.01 compared to untreated.</p

Effects of diesel exhaust particulates on viability of nasal fibroblasts.

<p>Cytotoxic effects of diesel exhaust particulates in nasal fibroblasts. Nasal fibroblasts were treated with various concentrations (0–800 μg/mL) of diesel exhaust particulates for 72 hours. Cytotoxicity tests were performed by MTT assay. DEP did not affect cell survival until the concentration reached 400 μg/mL. The graphic data represents the means ± SEM of three independent experiments. * <i>p</i><0.05 compared to control.</p