Anthracological evidence suggests naturalness of Pinus pinaster in inland southwestern Iberia

The study of well-preserved archaeological charcoals in the pre-Roman Iron Age settlement of Castillejos II (Badajoz, Spain) is used to reconstruct environmental conditions and land-use practices in vegetation landscapes in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula before the arrival of Roman civilization. The results support that, while evergreen Quercus forests dominated during the Holocene, Pinus pinaster existed as a natural element of southwestern Iberian Peninsula vegetation. Although its presence could be linked to anthropogenic disturbance or fire history, it is suggested that P. pinaster populations survived during the Holocene in the region, mixed with oaks or in monospecific stands in mountain enclaves. This hypothesis contrasts with previous assumptions that P. pinaster was not autochthonous in the area

Groupe d'étude des problèmes de physiologie de l'arbre

International audienc

Application de la Technique de Culture des Tissus Végétaux à l'étude de quelques problèmes de la physiologie de l'arbre

International audienc

Étude anatomique de la greffe d'un châtaignier sur chêne

International audienc

Performance of the CERN ISR at 31.4 GeV

Due to the recent improvements in phase displacement acceleration, operating techniques and beam diagnostics, considerable progress has been achieved in operating the ISR at the maximum energy of 31.4 GeV (this centre of mass energy corresponds to a 2 TeV fixed target machine). High intensity stacks are stored at 26.6 GeV before acceleration by phase displacement to 31.4 GeV. At this energy up to 34 Amps are obtained with corresponding initial luminosities of 2.10 /sup 31/ cm/sup -2/ s/sup -1/ per intersection and 4.3 10/sup 31/ cm /sup -2/ s/sup -1/ in a low- beta intersection. Due to the long beam lifetime, physics data taking may be performed over periods of 60 hours. The principle of phase displacement and the associated beam phenomena are discussed together with the control of the magnetic machine and the mutual interaction of the two beams. The operational technique is described and it is shown that the present day performance of the ISR at 31.4 GeV is comparable to the previous performance (1977) at 26.6 GeV. Consequently, in 1978 about 90% of the time requested for physics data collection was at 31.4 GeV. (12 refs)