265 research outputs found

    Utilisation de la spectromĂ©trie infrarouge pour une quantification rapide du taux d’humiditĂ© dans des fibres vĂ©gĂ©tales

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    International audienceIn the field of composite materials, natural fibres appear to be a viable replacement for glass fibres. However, in humid conditions, strong hydrophilic behavior of such materials can lead to high level of moisture absorption. This feature can result in a structural modification of the fibres and a modification of their own mechanical properties as well as those of the composites they are fitted in. Then, understanding moisture sorption mechanisms in these materials is an important issue for their efficient use. In this work, water absorption on three natural fibres (flax, hemp and sisal) studied qualitatively and quantitatively using non-invasive approach, i.e. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Fibres with different moisture content were prepared using climatic chambers, allowing strictly controlled hygrothermal ageing. The equilibrium water content were assessed by gravimetric measurement and determined for each relative humidity conditions (Relative humidity ranging from 30 % until 97 %). The principal chemical functions of fibres involved in the water absorption phenomenon were thereby identified and the water content of tested fibres was determined using a Partial Least Square Regression approach. The typical sorption isotherm curves described by Park model were clearly fitted, confirming the validity of our predictive model. Finally, this model has been applied for monitoring the water diffusion.Les fibres vĂ©gĂ©tales sont une alternative possible aux fibres de verre utilisĂ©es classiquement comme renforts dans certains matĂ©riaux composites. En plus d’avantages environnementaux, leur faible densitĂ© leur confĂšre des propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques spĂ©cifiques Ă©levĂ©es. Cependant, leur comportement hydrophile marquĂ© entraĂźne une forte absorption d’eau lors d’une utilisation en environnement humide, ce qui peut modifier leurs propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques. La comprĂ©hension de ces mĂ©canismes d’absorption d’humiditĂ© est donc indispensable Ă  leur maĂźtrise. Dans ce travail, l’absorption d’eau a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e par spectroscopie infrarouge Ă  transformĂ©e de Fourier sur des fibres de lin, chanvre et sisal. Ces fibres ont Ă©tĂ© soumises Ă  des conditions hygromĂ©triques contrĂŽlĂ©es. Les spectres infrarouges des Ă©chantillons ont Ă©tĂ© enregistrĂ©s en mode rĂ©flexion totale attĂ©nuĂ©e. Les informations spectrales ont permis de mettre en Ă©vidence les fonctions chimiques impliquĂ©es dans les mĂ©canismes d’absorption de l’humiditĂ© et de quantifier le taux d’humiditĂ© retenu par les fibres. Pour cela, des modĂšles de rĂ©gression partielle des moindres carrĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s en exploitant des donnĂ©es expĂ©rimentales issues de mesures gravimĂ©triques. Ces modĂšles se sont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©s de bons outils pour la caractĂ©risation des cinĂ©tiques de diffusion de l’eau dans ces diffĂ©rentes fibres

    Effet de l’érosion par des particules de sable sur la performance des pales d’éoliennes dans les zones arides et semi-arides

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    Cet article prĂ©sente les rĂ©sultats d’une recherche expĂ©rimentale visant Ă  Ă©tudier la dĂ©gradation de la surface des pales d’éoliennes situĂ©es dans des zones arides causĂ©e par les impacts de particules de sable et l’influence qui en rĂ©sulte sur leur performance Ă©nergĂ©tique. Les essais sont effectuĂ©s dans une sableuse Ă  Ă©rosion puis dans la soufflerie pour la pale en fibre de verre / polyester non revĂȘtue sous diffĂ©rents angles et durĂ©es d’impact. Les forces aĂ©rodynamiques sur les profiles NACA 4412 sont dĂ©terminĂ©es expĂ©rimentalement. Tous les profiles (AR = 0,571) sont testĂ©s dans une soufflerie Ă  une vitesse de l’air de 10 m/s au nombre de Reynolds 6.5×105. Les rĂ©sultats montrent les diffĂ©rences de comportement dĂ©tectĂ©es pour les Ă©chantillons avec T = 160s, T = 240s et T = 340s (quand Ra augmente) en les comparant avec l’échantillon lisse (T = 0s, Ra = 0,94). Les coefficients de force (CL et CD) montrent des changements significatifs qui conduisent Ă  une diminution du rapport portance-traĂźnĂ©e et donc une perte de performance notable

    Nouvelle mĂ©thode de maintenance CBM pour amĂ©liorer la durĂ©e de vie des pales d’éoliennes implantĂ©es dans les zones arides

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    l’amĂ©lioration de la durĂ©e de vie des pales Ă©oliennes opĂ©rant dans une rĂ©gion aride au-delĂ  de sa durĂ©e de vie habituelle de 20 ou 25 ans oblige leur propriĂ©taire Ă  augmenter le nombre des inspections dans le cadre de la maintenance prĂ©ventive sachant que les coĂ»ts de maintenance et d’arrĂȘt d’une d’éolienne ont un impact direct sur la production totale et peuvent reprĂ©senter jusqu’à 25% de l’énergie produite. Sachant que dans une rĂ©gion poussiĂ©reuse, les pales sont soumises Ă  une usure Ă©rosive qui contribue Ă  la modification de la forme aĂ©rodynamique du bord d’attaque et rĂ©duit ainsi les performances de l’éolienne. Ce papier dĂ©crive et propose une nouvelle mĂ©thode de maintenance CBM pour amĂ©liorer la durĂ©e de vie d’une pale Ă©olienne. Les rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux montrent que l’utilisation de cette mĂ©thode est trĂšs efficace pour dĂ©tecter toute dĂ©gradation provoquĂ©e par l’usure Ă©rosive Ă  la surface d’une pale pendant son service

    Mesure et prĂ©diction des dĂ©formations et contraintes rĂ©siduelles lors du refroidissement d’un stratifiĂ© composite thermoplastique

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    International audienceCooling of thermoplastic composite parts inevitably leads to the development of residual stresses, which may have negative consequences on the final part health. Modelling their development during cooling therefore appears as an interesting solution to optimize the process parameters and limit the stresses intensity. This study proposes a coupled model accounting for heat transfer, crystallization kinetics and mechanical behavior of thermoplastic composite laminate. This latter is treated according to the modified lamination theory, which is for the first time adapted to the study of a thermoplastic composite during cooling, with temperature dependent properties. This is made possible by the use of an incremental linear elastic law, which also accounts for the crystallization shrinkage and thermal expansion of the material. The model is applied to the study of an unsymmetric laminate, which leads to estimated stress and strain states. These latter are compared with experimentally measured strains, highlighting an excellent agreement which validates the proposed moLe refroidissement des piĂšces composites thermoplastiques durant leur mise en oeuvre mĂšne inexorablement au dĂ©veloppement de contraintes rĂ©siduelles. Ces contraintes peuvent ĂȘtre nĂ©fastes pour la santĂ© finale de la piĂšce et il convient de prĂ©dire leur dĂ©veloppement au cours du procĂ©dĂ© afin d'optimiser celui-ci et ainsi limiter l'impact des contraintes sur le matĂ©riau. Cette Ă©tude propose un modĂšle de prĂ©diction du dĂ©veloppement des contraintes rĂ©siduelles au cours du refroidissement d'un composite thermoplastique Ă  fibres continues de verre et matrice PA66. Celui-ci prend en compte les transferts thermiques, la cinĂ©tique de cristallisation ainsi que le comportement mĂ©canique du composite au cours de son refroidissement. Ce dernier est traitĂ© Ă  l'aide de la thĂ©orie modifiĂ©e des stratifiĂ©s qui est adaptĂ©e pour la premiĂšre fois au refroidissement d'un composite thermoplastique dont les propriĂ©tĂ©s thermomĂ©caniques varient avec la tempĂ©rature. Ceci est rendu possible Ă  l'aide d'une formulation incrĂ©mentale de la loi de comportement linĂ©aire Ă©lastique, prenant en compte les retraits d'origine thermique et de cristallisation. AppliquĂ© au cas d'un empilement asymĂ©trique, le modĂšle permet de prĂ©dire contraintes et dĂ©formations rĂ©siduelles. Ces derniĂšres sont comparĂ©es Ă  des mesures expĂ©rimentales pour Ă©valuer la fiabilitĂ© du modĂšle dĂ©veloppĂ©del

    Cent scientifiques rĂ©pliquent Ă  SEA (Suppression des ExpĂ©riences sur l’Animal vivant) et dĂ©noncent sa dĂ©sinformation

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    La lutte contre la maltraitance animale est sans conteste une cause moralement juste. Mais elle ne justifie en rien la dĂ©sinformation Ă  laquelle certaines associations qui s’en rĂ©clament ont recours pour remettre en question l’usage de l’expĂ©rimentation animale en recherche

    A Solve-RD ClinVar-based reanalysis of 1522 index cases from ERN-ITHACA reveals common pitfalls and misinterpretations in exome sequencing

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    Purpose Within the Solve-RD project (https://solve-rd.eu/), the European Reference Network for Intellectual disability, TeleHealth, Autism and Congenital Anomalies aimed to investigate whether a reanalysis of exomes from unsolved cases based on ClinVar annotations could establish additional diagnoses. We present the results of the “ClinVar low-hanging fruit” reanalysis, reasons for the failure of previous analyses, and lessons learned. Methods Data from the first 3576 exomes (1522 probands and 2054 relatives) collected from European Reference Network for Intellectual disability, TeleHealth, Autism and Congenital Anomalies was reanalyzed by the Solve-RD consortium by evaluating for the presence of single-nucleotide variant, and small insertions and deletions already reported as (likely) pathogenic in ClinVar. Variants were filtered according to frequency, genotype, and mode of inheritance and reinterpreted. Results We identified causal variants in 59 cases (3.9%), 50 of them also raised by other approaches and 9 leading to new diagnoses, highlighting interpretation challenges: variants in genes not known to be involved in human disease at the time of the first analysis, misleading genotypes, or variants undetected by local pipelines (variants in off-target regions, low quality filters, low allelic balance, or high frequency). Conclusion The “ClinVar low-hanging fruit” analysis represents an effective, fast, and easy approach to recover causal variants from exome sequencing data, herewith contributing to the reduction of the diagnostic deadlock

    Effect of cyclic hygrothermal conditions on the stresses near the surface of a thick composite pipe

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    International audienceIt is necessary to estimate the moisture concentration and the hygrothermal internal stress fields to evaluate the durability of thick composite pipes submitted to cyclic environmental conditions. After some time, the moisture concentration, induced by temperature and relative-humidity cycles, is permanent within the pipe and periodic close to the inner and outer surfaces. The hygrothermal stresses induced are computed by using the classical equations of solid mechanics and assuming a hygrothermoelastic orthotropic behaviour for every ply. The aim of this paper is to model the effects of the periodic boundary conditions on the hygrothermal stresses

    A closed-form solution for the internal stresses in thick composite cylinders induced by cyclical environmental conditions

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    International audienceThe paper presents a new semi-analytical model to assess the internal stress field in cylindrical pipes due to cyclical temperature and humidity conditions. The solution applies to both thin or thick laminated pipes composed of orthotropic plies following Fick's diffusion laws. The only restriction put on those diffusion laws is that the Arrhénius activation energy should be ply independent. Firstly, the resulting time and space dependent moisture concentration field within the interior of the pipe wall is calculated. It is the sum of the permanent solution, due to the mean relative humidity conditions imposed on the two lateral surfaces of the pipe, and a cyclical vanishing solution. Secondly, the mechanical problem is solved leading to the full stress field solution over the pipe interior and close to the lateral surfaces. The final solution can be implemented in a friendly-user software to assess the combined effects of the pipe thickness, ply stacking sequence and transient service conditions over the internal stress field

    Multi-scale analysis of fiber reinforced composite parts submitted to environmental and mechanical loads

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    The purpose of this work is to present various application of statistical scale transition models to the analysis of polymer-matrix composites submitted to thermo-hygro-mechanical loads. In order to achieve such a goal, two approaches, classically used in the field of modelling heterogeneous material are studied: Eshelby-Kröner self-consistent model on the one hand and Mori-Tanaka approximate, on the second hand. Both models manage to handle the question of the homogenization of the microscopic properties of the constituents (matrix and reinforcements) in order to express the effective macroscopic coefficients of moisture expansion, coefficients of thermal expansion and elastic stiffness of a uni-directionally reinforced single ply. Inversion scale transition relations are provided also, in order to identify the effective unknown behaviour of a constituent. The proposed method entails to inverse scale transition models usually employed in order to predict the homogenised macroscopic elastic/hygroscopic/thermal properties of the composite ply from those of the constituents. The identification procedure involves the coupling of the inverse scale transition models to macroscopic input data obtained through either experiments or in the already published literature. Applications of the proposed approach to practical cases are provided: in particular, a very satisfactory agreement between the fitted elastic constants and the corresponding properties expected in practice for the reinforcing fiber of typical composite plies is achieved. Another part of this work is devoted to the extensive analysis of macroscopic mechanical states concentration within the constituents of the plies of a composite structure submitted to thermo-hygro-elastic loads. Both numerical and a fully explicit version of Eshelby-Kröner model are detailed. The two approaches are applied in the viewpoint of predicting the mechanical states in both the fiber and the matrix of composites structures submitted to a transient hygro-elastic load. For this purpose, rigorous continuum mechanics formalisms are used for the determination of the required time and space dependent macroscopic stresses. The reliability of the new analytical approach is checked through a comparison between the local stress states calculated in both the resin and fiber according to the new closed form solutions and the equivalent numerical model: a very good agreement between the two models was obtained. The purpose of the final part of this work consists in the determination of microscopic (local) quadratic failure criterion (in stress space) in the matrix of a composite structure submitted to purely mechanical load. The local failure criterion of the pure matrix is deduced from the macroscopic strength of the composite ply (available from experiments), using an appropriate inverse model involving the explicit scale transition relations previously obtained for the macroscopic stress concentration at microscopic level. Convenient analytical forms are provided as often as possible, else procedures required to achieve numerical calculations are extensively explained. Applications of this model are achieved for two typical carbon-fiber reinforced epoxies: the previously unknown microscopic strength coefficients and ultimate strength of the considered epoxies are identified and compared to typical expected values published in the literature
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