A Microarray Biosensor for Multiplexed Detection of Microbes Using Grating-Coupled Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging

Grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance imaging (GCSPRI) utilizes an optical diffraction grating embossed on a gold-coated sensor chip to couple collimated incident light into surface plasmons. The angle at which this coupling occurs is sensitive to the capture of analyte at the chip surface. This approach permits the use of disposable biosensor chips that can be mass-produced at low cost and spotted in microarray format to greatly increase multiplexing capabilities. The current GCSPRI instrument has the capacity to simultaneously measure binding at over 1000 unique, discrete regions of interest (ROIs) by utilizing a compact microarray of antibodies or other specific capture molecules immobilized on the sensor chip. In this report, we describe the use of GCSPRI to directly detect multiple analytes over a large dynamic range, including soluble protein toxins, bacterial cells, and viruses, in near real-time. GCSPRI was used to detect a variety of agents that would be useful for diagnostic and environmental sensing purposes, including macromolecular antigens, a nontoxic form of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> exotoxin A (ntPE), <i>Bacillus globigii</i>, <i>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae</i>, <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and M13 bacteriophage. These studies indicate that GCSPRI can be used to simultaneously assess the presence of toxins and pathogens, as well as quantify specific antibodies to environmental agents, in a rapid, label-free, and highly multiplexed assay requiring nanoliter amounts of capture reagents