História da Hemoterapia no Brasil History of Brazilian Hemotherapy

A transfusão de sangue teve dois períodos: um empírico, que vai até 1900, e outro científico, de 1900 em diante. No Brasil, em 1879, um relato discutia se a melhor transfusão seria com sangue de animais para humanos ou entre seres humanos. Na era científica, os pioneiros da hemoterapia foram cirurgiões do Rio de Janeiro. Por volta de 1920 surgem os primeiros serviços organizados e de constituição bastante simples. Destaca-se, nos anos 40, no Rio de Janeiro, o STS (Serviço de Transfusão de Sangue) por ter, além da conotação assistencial, atividades científicas. No final desta década, é promovido o I Congresso Paulista de Hemoterapia, que forneceu as bases para a fundação da Sociedade Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, em 1950. Em 1965 cria-se, por iniciativa do Ministério da Saúde, a Comissão Nacional de Hemoterapia, estabelecendo normas para proteção dos doadores e receptores de sangue. Mesmo assim, chegamos em 1979 com um sistema desorganizado e desigual na qualidade dos serviços prestados. Nos anos 80, a criação da Política Nacional do Sangue, a campanha da doação altruísta de sangue da SBHH e a Constituição de 1980 deram outra dimensão à hemoterapia brasileira. Chegamos então ao contemporâneo onde a desastrosa ocorrência da AIDS em pacientes transfundidos obrigou a novos conceitos e cuidados. Além disso, outros fatos importantes contribuíram para a hemoterapia no País, como o conceito da hemoterapia clínica, fatores econômicos, desenvolvimento da genética molecular e biotecnologia, a terapia celular, a renovação de equipamentos, a automação e computação, os sistemas da qualidade e o interesse do hemoterapeuta por áreas científicas de ponta.Blood transfusion had two major periods: one empiric to 1900, and another scientific from 1900 on. In 1879, in Brazil, a report discussed if the best transfusion would be between animals and men or between human beings. The pioneers of hemotherapy were surgeons of Rio de Janeiro. Around 1920, there were the first very simple but organized services. During the 40´s, we highlight Rio de Janeiro´s Blood Transfusion Service (Seviço de Transfusão de Sangue - STS), that held both assistencial and scientific activities. At the end of that decade, there was the 1st Sao Paulo Hemotherapy Congress (1 Congresso Paulista de Hemoterapia), that provided the basis to the Brazilian Hematology and Hemotherapy Society (Sociedade Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia), in 1950. In 1965, thanks to Brazilian Health Ministry, the National Hemotherapy Commission was created, thus establishing rules to protect blood donors and patients. Then, we get to 1979 with a desorganized and uneven quality system. During the 80´s with the establishment of a National Blood Policy, the altruistic donation Program and the 1980 Brazilian Contitution, Hemotherapy could reach another level. Then we get to AIDS era and we head to new concepts and care. Furthermore, there were new concepts of clinical hemotherapy, economic factors, biotecnology, cell therapy, new equipment, computers, quality systems and the increasing study of state-of-the-art scientific areas

Onset and cause of increased seismic activity near Pecos, West Texas, USA from observations at the Lajitas TXAR Seismic Array

In recent years, numerous small earthquakes have occurred near the town of Pecos in West Texas; however, when this activity began and whether it was caused by increased petroleum industry activity has been uncertain because prior to 2017 there were few permanent seismograph stations in the region. We identify and locate earthquakes using data recorded since 2000 at TXAR, a sensitive 10‐station seismic array situated about 240 km south of Pecos. We thus show that in 2007 one earthquake occurred near Pecos, in 2009 several more occurred, and subsequently activity has increased considerably, with more than 2000 events identified in 2017. A time‐of‐day and year‐by‐year analysis identifies geographic areas in West Texas where events are likely to be natural earthquakes and quarry blasts. However, for the Pecos events, annual seismicity rates increase along with annual volumes of petroleum production and fluid waste disposal, suggesting a causal link. Analysis of seismograms collected by the EarthScope Transportable Array indicates the 2009 earthquakes had focal depths of 4.0‐5.2 km below sea level, within or just below strata where petroleum is produced and/or wastewater is injected. The largest earthquake to date had magnitude ML3.7, but the recent high activity rates suggest that greater magnitudes may be possible. For the years 2000‐2017, we provide a catalog of 10,753 epicenters of seismic events recorded at TXAR. Plain Language Summary Petroleum production in the Permian Basin of West Texas has been accelerating since 2007, and by 2023 it is anticipated Permian Basin production will exceed the production of every nation in the world other than Saudi Arabia. Developing this domestic source of energy has profound economic and political implications, especially since protecting vital foreign sources of energy has been a major factor affecting U.S. foreign policy. In recent years, numerous small earthquakes have occurred in the Delaware Basin (a subregion of the Permian Basin), but when this seismicity began has been uncertain because there were few seismographs in this region before 2017. We show that these anomalous earthquakes first occurred in 2009, and that many of them are probably induced by petroleum production in the Delaware Basin. Understanding the relationship between production and earthquake activity is a critical first step towards mitigating seismic hazards that could affect local populations and compromise the development of these vital petroleum resources

Evaluation of three methods for hemoglobin measurement in a blood donor setting

CONTEXT: The hemoglobin (Hb) level is the most-used parameter for screening blood donors for the presence of anemia, one of the most-used methods for measuring Hb levels is based on photometric detection of cyanmetahemoglobin, as an alternative to this technology, HemoCue has developed a photometric method based on the determination of azide metahemoglobin. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of three methods for hemoglobin (Hb) determination in a blood bank setting. DESIGN: Prospective study utilizing blood samples to compare methods for Hb determination. SETTING: Hemotherapy Service of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, a private institution in the tertiary health care system. SAMPLE: Serial blood samples were collected from 259 individuals during the period from March to June 1996. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Test performances and their comparisons were assessed by the analysis of coefficients of variation (CV), linear regression and mean differences. RESULTS: The CV for the three methods were: Coulter 0.68%, Cobas 0.82% and HemoCue 0.69%. There was no difference between the mean Hb determination for the three methods (p>0.05). The Coulter and Cobas methods showed the best agreement and the HemoCue method gave a lower Hb determination when compared to both the Coulter and Cobas methods. However, pairs of methods involving the HemoCue seem to have narrower limits of agreement (± 0.78 and ± 1.02) than the Coulter and Cobas combination (± 1.13). CONCLUSION: The three methods provide good agreement for hemoglobin determination

Chagas' disease: an algorithm for donor screening and positive donor counseling

Classical serological screening assays for Chagas' disease are time consuming and subjective. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the enzyme immuno-assay (ELISA) methodology and to propose an algorithm for blood banks to be applied to Chagas' disease. Seven thousand, nine hundred and ninety nine blood donor samples were screened by both reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Samples reactive on RPHA and/or IFA were submitted to supplementary RPHA, IFA and complement fixation (CFA) tests. This strategy allowed us to create a panel of 60 samples to evaluate the ELISA methodology from 3 different manufacturers. The sensitivity of the screening by IFA and the 3 different ELISA's was 100%. The specificity was better on ELISA methodology. For Chagas disease, ELISA seems to be the best test for blood donor screening, because it showed high sensitivity and specificity, it is not subjective and can be automated. Therefore, it was possible to propose an algorithm to screen samples and confirm donor results at the blood bank.<br>Os testes sorológicos clássicos utilizados na triagem de doadores de sangue são trabalhosos e subjetivos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é o de avaliar a metodologia imuno-enzimática (ELISA) e propor um algorítmo para doença de Chagas em bancos de sangue. Foram estudados 7999 doadores de sangue e/ou componentes cujas amostras foram testadas com o objetivo de tria-las sorologicamente para doença de Chagas utilizando hemaglutinação passiva reversa (RPHA) e imunofluorescência indireta (IFA). As amostras reativas em pelo menos uma destas metodologias, foram retestadas com reativos diferentes por RPHA, IFA e fixação de complemento (CFA). Esta estratégia nos permitiu criar um painel de 60 amostras com as quais tornou-se possível a avaliação do método imunoenzimático (ELISA). A sensibilidade da triagem dos doadores pelos métodos ELISA e IFA foi de 100%. A especificidade foi melhor para a metodologia imunoenzimática. O teste ELISA parece ser o ideal para triagem em bancos de sangue pois é altamente sensível, específico, não é subjetivo e pode ser automatizado. Desta forma, torna-se possível a formulação de um algorítimo a ser utilizado na triagem sorológica e confirmação de resultados em doadores de bancos de sangue