Bioactivity of the organic extracts of Annona vepretorum on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

<div><p>Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the lethal and sublethal toxicity of hexane and methanolic extracts from the leaves of Annona vepretorum (Annonaceae) on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). The methanolic extract toxicity was evaluated by Potter tower application (topical + residual effect) and by immersion of Canavalia ensiformis leaf disks in the extract solution (residual contact effect). The hexane extract toxicity was evaluated exclusively through residual contact effect. Sublethal effects of the methanolic extract were evaluated through LC50 on the females. Mite preference for feeding and oviposition was evaluated by multiple choice tests, between the control and the extract concentrations, using the hexane and methanolic extracts. Estimated LC50 for the methanolic extract was 10.96 mg mL-1 for the topic + residual effect and 22.07 mg mL-1 for the residual effect. Estimated LC50 for the hexane extract was 50.61 mg mL-1. The methanolic extract at the previously estimated CL50 interfered in the fecundity and longevity of females, differing significantly from the control treatment. In the multiple choice tests, for both extracts, mites showed a significant preference for the control, both for feeding and oviposition. Annona vepretorum has acaricide effect and constitutes a botanical source with great potential for controlling T. urticae.</p></div

Effect of LASSBio-1586 (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, p.o.) and indomethacin (20 mg/kg, p.o.) on cotton pellet-induced granuloma.

<p>Values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6, per group), where <i>a</i> indicates <i>p</i><0.05, significantly different from the control group, according to ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test.</p

Effect of LASSBio-1586 (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, p.o.), morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and indomethacin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) in the acetic-acid-writhing-induced nociception test in mice (n = 6, per group).

<p>Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM, where <i>a</i> indicates <i>p</i><0.05, significantly different from the control group, according to ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test.</p

Results of the docking procedures for LASSBio-1586.

<p><b>(A)</b> Conformations obtained from the most populous and stable cluster in the binding site of COX-2; <b>(B)</b> most stable docked conformation for LASSBio-1586 (Binding Energy = −7.84 Kcal/mol); <b>(C)</b> native conformation of meloxicam (magenta) and most stable conformation for LASSBio-1586 (cyan).</p

Effect of LASSBio-1586 (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, p.o.) and dexamethasone (2 mg/kg, i.p.) on leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity induced by carrageenan in mice.

<p>Values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6, per group), where <i>a</i> indicates <i>p</i><0.05, significantly different from the control group, according to ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test.</p

Effect of LASSBio-1586 (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, p.o.) and indomethacin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) on paw edema induced by carrageenan in mice.

<p>The sham group was treated only with saline, whereas the control group received saline and carrageenan. Values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6, per group), where <i>a</i> indicates <i>p</i><0.05, significantly different from the control group, according to ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test.</p

2D comparative representation of the NSAID meloxicam and LASSBio-1586.

<p>2D comparative representation of the NSAID meloxicam and LASSBio-1586.</p

Effect of LASSBio-1586 (40 mg/kg, p.o.) on paw edema induced by histamine in mice.

<p>The sham group was treated only with saline, whereas the control group received saline and histamine. Values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 6, per group), where <i>a</i> indicates <i>p</i><0.05, significantly different from the control group, according to ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test.</p

LASSBio-1586, an <i>N</i>-acylhydrazone derivative, attenuates nociceptive behavior and the inflammatory response in mice - Fig 3

<p><b>Effect of LASSBio-1586 (40 mg/kg, p.o.), LASSBio-1586 (40 mg/kg, p.o.) + ondansetron (OND 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and LASSBio-1586 (40 mg/kg, p.o.) + L-NAME (10 mg/kg, i.p.) in the first (A) and second (B) phases of the formalin-induced nociception test in mice (n = 6, per group).</b> Values are expressed as the mean ± S.E.M., where <i>a</i> indicates <i>p</i><0.05, significantly different from the control group, according to ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test.</p

Comparative <i>in silico</i> physico-chemical properties and ADMET profile of LASSBio-1586 and the anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin and meloxicam.

<p>Comparative <i>in silico</i> physico-chemical properties and ADMET profile of LASSBio-1586 and the anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin and meloxicam.</p