Clínica e cirurgia de equinos

O presente relatório pretende descrever as atividades desenvolvidas no âmbito do estágio curricular do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Évora. Este relatório está separado em duas partes. Numa primeira parte apresenta-se a casuística acompanhada nos quatros meses de estágio nas diversas áreas da clínica geral de equinos, descrevendo-se alguns casos clínicos de forma mais específica. Na segunda parte é apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre feridas contendo tecido de granulação, nas extremidades distais dos membros e o seu tratamento. Para terminar discutem-se três casos clínicos com diferente evolução do tecido de granulação. As feridas são das afeções mais comuns na clínica de equinos e, nesta espécie, umas das principais complicações é a formação excessiva de tecido de granulação. Desbridamento cirúrgico, corticosteroides, enxerto de pele e laser são alguns dos tratamentos a que se pode recorrer, embora algumas vezes nenhum deles seja eficaz; Equine clinic and surgery Abstract: The current report prentends to describe the activities developed in the ambit integrated internship of the master's degree in Veterinary Medicine of the University of Evora. This report is separated in two parts. In the first part it will be presented the casuistics followed in the four months of internship in the various areas of general equine practice, with some clinical cases being described more specifically. In the second part is presented a literature review about wounds with granulation tissue in the distal extremities of the limbs and their treatment. To finish, three clinical cases with diferent granulation tissue evolution are discussed. Wounds are the most common affections in the horse clinic, and in this specie, one of the main complications is the excessive formation of granulation tissue. Surgical debridement, corticosteroids, skin grafts and laser are some of the treatments that can be used, although sometimes none of them is effective

SNPs included in the gene scores.

<p>SNPs marked with an asterisk (*) are included in both the 19 and 13 SNP gene score.</p><p>⁺rs599839 was genotyped instead of rs646776, r² = 0.95 in Europeans</p><p>⁺⁺For rs7412, the protective SNP is included in the gene score</p><p>SNPs included in the gene scores.</p

Association between gene score and CHD in NPHSII.

<p>Logistic regression (age adjusted) was performed for each group. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.</p

Reclassification of NPHSII participants with the addition of the gene scores to the Framingham conventional risk factor score.

<p>NRI = net reclassification index.</p><p>Reclassification of NPHSII participants with the addition of the gene scores to the Framingham conventional risk factor score.</p

Association between gene score and outcome in the Pakistani samples.

<p>Logistic regression was performed for each group. (A) Islamabad study, outcome is MI, and (B) Lahore study, outcome is CHD. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.</p

Comparison of risk allele frequencies between the control groups from the Pakistani studies and between the combined total of the Pakistani control groups and NPHSII.

<p>Comparisons were performed using tests of proportion. RAF = Risk Allele Frequency, CI = Confidence Interval.</p><p>Comparison of risk allele frequencies between the control groups from the Pakistani studies and between the combined total of the Pakistani control groups and NPHSII.</p

Characteristics of the Pakistani sample sets.

<p>Categorical variables were compared using a χ² test while continuous variables were compared using Welch’s t-tests.</p><p>* Log transformed data. Geometric mean and approximate SD are given.</p><p>Characteristics of the Pakistani sample sets.</p

Baseline Characteristics of NPHSII participants.

<p>All variable are present as the mean plus standard deviation, apart from the Framingham 10 year CHD risk score where the mean and interquartile range are given.</p><p>Baseline Characteristics of NPHSII participants.</p

Circulating Apolipoprotein E Concentration and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Meta-analysis of Results from Three Studies

<div><p>Background</p><p>The association of <i>APOE</i> genotype with circulating apolipoprotein E (ApoE) concentration and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is well established. However, the relationship of circulating ApoE concentration and CVD has received little attention.</p><p>Methods and Findings</p><p>To address this, we measured circulating ApoE concentration in 9,587 individuals (with 1,413 CVD events) from three studies with incident CVD events: two population-based studies, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and the men-only Northwick Park Heart Study II (NPHSII), and a nested sub-study of the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT). We examined the association of circulating ApoE with cardiovascular risk factors in the two population-based studies (ELSA and NPHSII) and the relationship between ApoE concentration and coronary heart disease and stroke in all three studies. Analyses were carried out within study, and, where appropriate, pooled effect estimates were derived using meta-analysis. In the population-based samples, circulating ApoE was associated with systolic blood pressure (correlation coefficient 0.08, <i>p <</i> 0.001, in both ELSA and NPHSII), total cholesterol (correlation coefficient 0.46 and 0.34 in ELSA and NPHSII, respectively; both <i>p <</i> 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (correlation coefficient 0.30 and 0.14, respectively; both <i>p <</i> 0.001), high-density lipoprotein (correlation coefficient 0.16 and −0.14, respectively; both <i>p <</i> 0.001), and triglycerides (correlation coefficient 0.43 and 0.46, respectivly; both <i>p <</i> 0.001). In NPHSII, ApoE concentration was additionally associated with apolipoprotein B (correlation coefficient 0.13, <i>p =</i> 0.001) and lipoprotein(a) (correlation coefficient −0.11, <i>p <</i> 0.001). In the pooled analysis of ASCOT, ELSA, and NPHSII, there was no association of ApoE with CVD events; the odds ratio (OR) for CVD events per 1-standard-deviation higher ApoE concentration was 1.02 (95% CI 0.96, 1.09). After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, the OR for CVD per 1-standard-deviation higher ApoE concentration was 0.97 (95% CI 0.82, 1.15). Limitations of these analyses include a polyclonal method of ApoE measurement, rather than isoform-specific measurement, a moderate sample size (although larger than any other study to our knowledge and with a long lag between ApoE measures), and CVD events that may attenuate an effect.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>In the largest study to date on this question, we found no evidence of an association of circulating ApoE concentration with CVD events. The established association of <i>APOE</i> genotype with CVD events may be explained by isoform-specific functions as well as other mechanisms, rather than circulating concentrations of ApoE.</p></div

Cross-sectional association between geometric mean of ApoE concentration and haemoglobin, ferritin, and fibrinogen measured in ELSA, by gender.

<p>Male (circles) and female (square) mean log ApoE concentration was calculated for each decile of the associated variable and plotted to visualise the shape of the association. Bars give 95% CIs.</p