Effect of UV disinfection on cercariae and worms.

<p>*All fluences at 254nm.</p

Summary of experimental conditions in filtration studies.

<p>All studies used <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> cercariae.</p

Chlorine concentrations and contact times required to kill all schistosome cercariae in water (measured by cessation of movement).

<p>Chlorine concentrations and contact times required to kill all schistosome cercariae in water (measured by cessation of movement).</p

Summary of methods used to assess the effectiveness of water treatment methods.

<p>Summary of methods used to assess the effectiveness of water treatment methods.</p

Chlorine CT values for selected pathogens, adapted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) [72].

<p>Chlorine CT values for selected pathogens, adapted from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006364#pntd.0006364.ref072" target="_blank">72</a>].</p

Lethal chlorine doses for killing 100% of schistosome cercariae.

<p>All studies used motility as a measure of death, and recorded the time at which all cercariae were motionless. Chlorine doses are plotted here because most studies did not report the residual chlorine concentrations. Species are listed in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006364#pntd.0006364.t006" target="_blank">Table 6</a> and shown in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006364#pntd.0006364.s003" target="_blank">S3 Fig</a>.</p

Thermal death points for <i>Schistosoma</i> species.

<p>Thermal death points for <i>Schistosoma</i> species.</p

Water temperatures and storage times required to reach zero cercarial survival (measured when all cercariae are immobile).

<p>Species are listed in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006364#pntd.0006364.t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>.</p

Flow diagram demonstrating identification, inclusion and exclusion of studies.

<p>Flow diagram demonstrating identification, inclusion and exclusion of studies.</p

Forest plot for <i>S. mansoni</i> infection according to access to adequate sanitation.

<p>The square sizes represent the weight given to each dataset, and the black horizontal lines represent 95% confidence intervals. The rhombus is centred on the combined effect size, and its width represents the 95% confidence interval. The <i>I²</i> estimate is presented beneath the combined effect size.</p