43 research outputs found
Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
The proceedings of the inaugural scientific meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) are summarized. The primary objective of the meeting was to foster the exchange of information on the effects of nicotine and tobacco use, as well as factors which influence their use, drawing from biological, behavioral and social sciences. Much of this research can be viewed as a tale of two drugs nicotine as a key to an important public health problem, and nicotine as a classical tool of physiological and pharmacological research. A historical overview of research on both drugs is provided first. Public policy alternatives for reducing the prevalence of tobacco use have been derived in part from basic and clinical research results and are briefly outlined. Evidence for genetic determinants on nicotine use and effects is presented using data from twin studies and from molecular genetic research with humans and animals. Consistent with this research, there is evidence of individual differences in pharmacokinetics and effects of nicotine, which could account for differences in smoking behavior and nicotine dependence. Finally, recent developments in the therapeutic uses of nicotine and novel nicotinic agonists with schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome and ulcerative colitis are presented. Overall, the research presented at the meeting demonstrated the vast diversity of areas of study involving nicotine and tobacco, as well as the rich opportunities for cross-communication among researchers from different disciplines.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72963/1/j.1360-0443.1996.91112915.x.pd
Global surveillance of oral tobacco products : total nicotine, unionised nicotine and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines
OBJECTIVE: Oral tobacco products contain nicotine and
carcinogenic tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs)
that can be absorbed through the oral mucosa. The aim
of this study was to determine typical pH ranges and
concentrations of total nicotine, unionised nicotine (the
most readily absorbed form) and five TSNAs in selected
oral tobacco products distributed globally.
METHODS: A total of 53 oral tobacco products from 5
World Health Organisation (WHO) regions were analysed
for total nicotine and TSNAs, including 4-(methylnitrosamino)-
1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), using gas
chromatography or liquid chromatography with mass
spectrometric detection. Unionised nicotine concentrations
were calculated using product pH and total nicotine
concentrations. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
was used to help categorise or characterise some products.
RESULTS: Total nicotine content varied from 0.16 to
34.1 mg/g product, whereas, the calculated unionised
nicotine ranged from 0.05 to 31.0 mg/g product; a 620-fold
range of variation. Products ranged from pH 5.2 to 10.1,
which translates to 0.2% to 99.1% of nicotine being in the
unionised form. Some products have very high pH and
correspondingly high unionised nicotine (eg, gul powder,
chimo´, toombak) and/or high TSNA (eg, toombak, zarda,
khaini) concentrations. The concentrations of TSNAs
spanned five orders of magnitude with concentrations of
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)
ranging from 4.5 to 516 000 ng/g product.
CONCLUSIONS: These data have important implications for
risk assessment because they show that very different
exposure risks may be posed through the use of these
chemically diverse oral tobacco products. Because of the
wide chemical variation, oral tobacco products should
not be categorised together when considering the public
health implications of their use.This work was funded by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and
Human Services. This study was also funded internally at the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, with funds directly provided by the U.S. federal government.http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com
Recommended from our members
Nicotine Reduction Strategy: State of the science and challenges to tobacco control policy and FDA tobacco product regulation.
Nicotine addiction is the proximate cause of disease and death from cigarette smoking. In 1994, we proposed reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes to non-addicting levels to reduce the risk of youth becoming addicted smokers and promoting quitting in established smokers. In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act provided the authority to FDA to reduce nicotine levels as appropriate to benefit public health. Over the past 15 years, considerable research has determined that nicotine reduction is feasible and safe, resulting in reduced nicotine dependence with little evidence of compensatory over-smoking. The availability of acceptable non-combusted form of nicotine would provide support and enhance acceptability of nicotine reduction in tobacco. Most recently, the FDA promulgated a nicotine-based regulatory framework, which includes nicotine reduction combined with ready availability of noncombustible nicotine products. Nicotine reduction could contribute to a virtual end to the use of cigarette smoking, with enormous benefits to public health
Recommended from our members
Nicotine Reduction Strategy: State of the science and challenges to tobacco control policy and FDA tobacco product regulation.
Nicotine addiction is the proximate cause of disease and death from cigarette smoking. In 1994, we proposed reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes to non-addicting levels to reduce the risk of youth becoming addicted smokers and promoting quitting in established smokers. In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act provided the authority to FDA to reduce nicotine levels as appropriate to benefit public health. Over the past 15 years, considerable research has determined that nicotine reduction is feasible and safe, resulting in reduced nicotine dependence with little evidence of compensatory over-smoking. The availability of acceptable non-combusted form of nicotine would provide support and enhance acceptability of nicotine reduction in tobacco. Most recently, the FDA promulgated a nicotine-based regulatory framework, which includes nicotine reduction combined with ready availability of noncombustible nicotine products. Nicotine reduction could contribute to a virtual end to the use of cigarette smoking, with enormous benefits to public health