Evgenij Polivanov, Pour une linguistique marxiste

L’ouvrage recensé est placé sous le signe de la réhabilitation internationale d’un hérétique scientifique. L’œuvre du linguiste et orientaliste Evgenij Polivanov, fusillé pendant la période des « nettoyages » staliniens en 1938 pour cause d’hérésie anti-marriste après la fin forcée de sa carrière de chercheur – sous prétexte d’espionnage japonais – avait certes connu une réception grandissante dans le monde russophone, surtout après la réfutation de la doctrine de Nikolaj Marr par Joseph Stal..

Inna Tylkowski, Vološinov en contexte. Essai d’épistémologie historique

L’ouvrage recensé est issu de la thèse de doctorat d’Inna Tylkowski, soutenue à l’université de Lausanne sous la direction de Patrick Sériot. Le travail s’attache à élucider le rôle de Valentin Nikolaïevitch Vološinov au sein de ce que l’on appelle communément dans la littérature le « Cercle de Bakhtine », ce qui présuppose l’élucidation du statut de ce « Cercle » lui-même. En effet, les trois auteurs phares de celui-ci, qui regroupait, par rencontres informelles à la maison de Mikhaïl Bakhti..

Rupture de la pédagogie et pédagogie de la rupture

1. Discours et contre-discours de la rupture 1.1. La présente contribution a pour but de proposer quelques considérations intempestives par rapport aux conceptions pédagogiques dominantes et à la politique éducative actuellement mise en œuvre en France. Si les problèmes ne sont, certes, pas nouveaux, ils ont été exacerbés depuis 2007, conjointement aux conceptions sous-jacentes et à leur mise en œuvre autoritaire et "décomplexée" par le nouveau gouvernement. Ce symptôme de décadence apparaît ..

Inna Tylkowski, Vološinov en contexte. Essai d’épistémologie historique

L’ouvrage recensé est issu de la thèse de doctorat d’Inna Tylkowski, soutenue à l’université de Lausanne sous la direction de Patrick Sériot. Le travail s’attache à élucider le rôle de Valentin Nikolaïevitch Vološinov au sein de ce que l’on appelle communément dans la littérature le « Cercle de Bakhtine », ce qui présuppose l’élucidation du statut de ce « Cercle » lui-même. En effet, les trois auteurs phares de celui-ci, qui regroupait, par rencontres informelles à la maison de Mikhaïl Bakhti..

Evgenij Polivanov, Pour une linguistique marxiste

L’ouvrage recensé est placé sous le signe de la réhabilitation internationale d’un hérétique scientifique. L’œuvre du linguiste et orientaliste Evgenij Polivanov, fusillé pendant la période des « nettoyages » staliniens en 1938 pour cause d’hérésie anti-marriste après la fin forcée de sa carrière de chercheur – sous prétexte d’espionnage japonais – avait certes connu une réception grandissante dans le monde russophone, surtout après la réfutation de la doctrine de Nikolaj Marr par Joseph Stal..

Social participation and mental health of immunocompromised individuals before and after COVID-19 vaccination–Results of a longitudinal observational study over three time points

IntroductionThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impacted how people perform their daily lives in manifold and sometimes massive ways. Particularly, individuals who are at high risk for a severe disease progression, like immunocompromised people, may have experienced drastic changes in social participation during the pandemic. A COVID-19 basic vaccination may have changed the safety behavior of immunocompromised individuals in terms of infection risk and thereby influence social participation and mental wellbeing.MethodsThis study aims to investigate self-perceived social participation at baseline before and at follow-up 1 and 6 months after basic vaccination. Beginning in March 2021, 274 immunocompromised persons 18 years or older were enrolled in the COVID-19 Contact Immune study (CoCo study) in Lower Saxony, Germany. Measurements were performed at three time points regarding social participation [Index for the Assessment of Health Impairments (IMET)], mental health [Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4)], subjective health status (five-point Likert-scale) and quality of life (five-point Likert-scale).ResultsIn total, 126 participants were included in the final analysis. About 60% of the participants showed increasing social participation over time. The greatest increase in social participation was observed within the first month after basic vaccination (p < 0.001). During the following 5 months, social participation remained stable. The domains “social activities,” “recreation and leisure” and “close personal relationships” were responsible for the overall change in social participation. No association was found between social participation and mental health, sociodemographic or medical factors (except hypertension).DiscussionIt is unclear why social participation increased after basic vaccination. Perceived vaccine efficacy and a feeling of being protected by the vaccine may have caused relaxed social distancing behaviors. Reducing safety behaviors may, however, increase the risk of a COVID-19 infection for immunocompromised individuals. Further investigations are needed to explore the health-related consequences of more social participation among immunocompromised persons

Neo-Aristotelian Naturalism and the Evolutionary Objection: Rethinking the Relevance of Empirical Science

Neo-Aristotelian metaethical naturalism is a modern attempt at naturalizing ethics using ideas from Aristotle’s teleological metaphysics. Proponents of this view argue that moral virtue in human beings is an instance of natural goodness, a kind of goodness supposedly also found in the realm of non-human living things. Many critics question whether neo-Aristotelian naturalism is tenable in light of modern evolutionary biology. Two influential lines of objection have appealed to an evolutionary understanding of human nature and natural teleology to argue against this view. In this paper, I offer a reconstruction of these two seemingly different lines of objection as raising instances of the same dilemma, giving neo-Aristotelians a choice between contradicting our considered moral judgment and abandoning metaethical naturalism. I argue that resolving the dilemma requires showing a particular kind of continuity between the norms of moral virtue and norms that are necessary for understanding non-human living things. I also argue that in order to show such a continuity, neo-Aristotelians need to revise the relationship they adopt with empirical science and acknowledge that the latter is relevant to assessing their central commitments regarding living things. Finally, I argue that to move this debate forward, both neo-Aristotelians and their critics should pay attention to recent work on the concept of organism in evolutionary and developmental biology

Evolutionary connectionism: algorithmic principles underlying the evolution of biological organisation in evo-devo, evo-eco and evolutionary transitions

The mechanisms of variation, selection and inheritance, on which evolution by natural selection depends, are not fixed over evolutionary time. Current evolutionary biology is increasingly focussed on understanding how the evolution of developmental organisations modifies the distribution of phenotypic variation, the evolution of ecological relationships modifies the selective environment, and the evolution of reproductive relationships modifies the heritability of the evolutionary unit. The major transitions in evolution, in particular, involve radical changes in developmental, ecological and reproductive organisations that instantiate variation, selection and inheritance at a higher level of biological organisation. However, current evolutionary theory is poorly equipped to describe how these organisations change over evolutionary time and especially how that results in adaptive complexes at successive scales of organisation (the key problem is that evolution is self-referential, i.e. the products of evolution change the parameters of the evolutionary process). Here we first reinterpret the central open questions in these domains from a perspective that emphasises the common underlying themes. We then synthesise the findings from a developing body of work that is building a new theoretical approach to these questions by converting well-understood theory and results from models of cognitive learning. Specifically, connectionist models of memory and learning demonstrate how simple incremental mechanisms, adjusting the relationships between individually-simple components, can produce organisations that exhibit complex system-level behaviours and improve the adaptive capabilities of the system. We use the term “evolutionary connectionism” to recognise that, by functionally equivalent processes, natural selection acting on the relationships within and between evolutionary entities can result in organisations that produce complex system-level behaviours in evolutionary systems and modify the adaptive capabilities of natural selection over time. We review the evidence supporting the functional equivalences between the domains of learning and of evolution, and discuss the potential for this to resolve conceptual problems in our understanding of the evolution of developmental, ecological and reproductive organisations and, in particular, the major evolutionary transitions

Migrant healthcare workers during COVID-19: bringing an intersectional health system-related approach into pandemic protection. A German case study

IntroductionMigrant healthcare workers played an important role during the COVID-19 pandemic, but data are lacking especially for high-resourced European healthcare systems. This study aims to research migrant healthcare workers through an intersectional health system-related approach, using Germany as a case study.MethodsAn intersectional research framework was created and a rapid scoping study performed. Secondary analysis of selected items taken from two COVID-19 surveys was undertaken to compare perceptions of national and foreign-born healthcare workers, using descriptive statistics.ResultsAvailable research is focused on worst-case pandemic scenarios of Brazil and the United Kingdom, highlighting racialised discrimination and higher risks of migrant healthcare workers. The German data did not reveal significant differences between national-born and foreign-born healthcare workers for items related to health status including SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, and perception of infection risk, protective workplace measures, and government measures, but items related to social participation and work conditions with higher infection risk indicate a higher burden of migrant healthcare workers.ConclusionsCOVID-19 pandemic policy must include migrant healthcare workers, but simply adding the migration status is not enough. We introduce an intersectional health systems-related approach to understand how pandemic policies create social inequalities and how the protection of migrant healthcare workers may be improved

Pregnancy Related Health Care Needs in Refugees : A Current Three Center Experience in Europe

Immigration into Europe has reached an all-time high. Provision of coordinated healthcare, especially to refugee women that are at increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes, is a challenge for receiving health care systems. Methods: We assessed pregnancy rates and associated primary healthcare needs in three refugee cohorts in Northern Germany during the current crisis. Results: Out of n = 2911 refugees, 18.0% were women of reproductive age, and 9.1% of these were pregnant. Pregnancy was associated with a significant, 3.7-fold increase in primary health care utilization. Language barrier and cultural customs impeded healthcare to some refugee pregnant women. The most common complaints were demand for pregnancy checkup without specific symptoms (48.6%), followed by abdominal pain or urinary tract infections (in 11.4% of cases each). In 4.2% of pregnancies, severe complications such as syphilis or suicide attempts occurred. Discussion: We present data on pregnancy rates and pregnancy associated medical need in three current refugee cohorts upon arrival in Germany. Healthcare providers should be particularly aware of the requirements of pregnant migrants and should adapt primary caretaking strategies accordingly