The effect of storage on Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological characteristics of Sachet and bottled water marketed in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State. Nigeria

This study assessed the changes in physical, chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water stored for a period of three months. Ten (10) different companies’ water samples each of bottled water (B) and sachet water (S) were randomly selected for the study around Ibadan Metropolis. Experimental method was used to check the levels of the different parameters in each of the samples within first week (W) of production and after three months (M) of storage. The results obtained were subjected to both descriptive and inferential statistic. The concentration of total suspended solid were noticed in higher quantity in sachet water; S3M, S4M, S5M and S7M with values of 1.75±0.35, 1.90±0.14, 1.35±0.21, and 1.55±0.07 mg/L respectively. Total dissolved solid showed increased in all sample analysed after storage as with other chemical element except that lead showed decreased with storage. Almost all the parameters analysed had concentrations within the SON/WHO Standards except pH with samples: B1W (6.11±0.07), B2W (6.19±0.01), B10M (6.45±0.35), S2W (6.45±0.07), S7W (5.70±0.14), S9W (5.80±4.10) and S10W (5.30±0.00) which were slightly acidic and below the 6.5 minimum standards. There was also growth of Coliform Count of 0.001±0.00 after 3 months of storages in two bottled water (B5M and B6M). The study concluded that storage of potable water for 3 months should changes in the physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters and the intrusion of heavy metal such as Pb in some potable water portray a great deal of harm to consumer when consumed.Keywords: Bacteriological Parameters, Bottled water, Coliform Count, Lead, Storage, Sachet wate

Predicting stillbirth in a low resource setting

BACKGROUND: Stillbirth is a major contributor to perinatal mortality and it is particularly common in low- and middle-income countries, where annually about three million stillbirths occur in the third trimester. This study aims to develop a prediction model for early detection of pregnancies at high risk of stillbirth. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study examined 6,573 pregnant women who delivered at Federal Medical Centre Bida, a tertiary level of healthcare in Nigeria from January 2010 to December 2013. Descriptive statistics were performed and missing data imputed. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to examine the associations between selected candidate predictors and stillbirth. Discrimination and calibration were used to assess the model's performance. The prediction model was validated internally and over-optimism was corrected. RESULTS: We developed a prediction model for stillbirth that comprised maternal comorbidity, place of residence, maternal occupation, parity, bleeding in pregnancy, and fetal presentation. As a secondary analysis, we extended the model by including fetal growth rate as a predictor, to examine how beneficial ultrasound parameters would be for the predictive performance of the model. After internal validation, both calibration and discriminative performance of both the basic and extended model were excellent (i.e. C-statistic basic model = 0.80 (95 % CI 0.78-0.83) and extended model = 0.82 (95 % CI 0.80-0.83)). CONCLUSION: We developed a simple but informative prediction model for early detection of pregnancies with a high risk of stillbirth for early intervention in a low resource setting. Future research should focus on external validation of the performance of this promising model

The effect of storage on Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological characteristics of Sachet and bottled water marketed in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State. Nigeria

This study assessed the changes in physical, chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water stored for a period of three months. Ten (10) different companies’ water samples each of bottled water (B) and sachet water (S) were randomly selected for the study around Ibadan Metropolis. Experimental method was used to check the levels of the different parameters in each of the samples within first week (W) of production and after three months (M) of storage. The results obtained were subjected to both descriptive and inferential statistic. The concentration of total suspended solid were noticed in higher quantity in sachet water; S3M, S4M, S5M and S7M with values of 1.75±0.35, 1.90±0.14, 1.35±0.21, and 1.55±0.07 mg/L respectively. Total dissolved solid showed increased in all sample analysed after storage as with other chemical element except that lead showed decreased with storage. Almost all the parameters analysed had concentrations within the SON/WHO Standards except pH with samples: B1W (6.11±0.07), B2W (6.19±0.01), B10M (6.45±0.35), S2W (6.45±0.07), S7W (5.70±0.14), S9W (5.80±4.10) and S10W (5.30±0.00) which were slightly acidic and below the 6.5 minimum standards. There was also growth of Coliform Count of 0.001±0.00 after 3 months of storages in two bottled water (B5M and B6M). The study concluded that storage of potable water for 3 months should changes in the physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters and the intrusion of heavy metal such as Pb in some potable water portray a great deal of harm to consumer when consumed.Keywords: Bacteriological Parameters, Bottled water, Coliform Count, Lead, Storage, Sachet wate