The effect of storage on Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological characteristics of Sachet and bottled water marketed in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State. Nigeria

This study assessed the changes in physical, chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water stored for a period of three months. Ten (10) different companies’ water samples each of bottled water (B) and sachet water (S) were randomly selected for the study around Ibadan Metropolis. Experimental method was used to check the levels of the different parameters in each of the samples within first week (W) of production and after three months (M) of storage. The results obtained were subjected to both descriptive and inferential statistic. The concentration of total suspended solid were noticed in higher quantity in sachet water; S3M, S4M, S5M and S7M with values of 1.75±0.35, 1.90±0.14, 1.35±0.21, and 1.55±0.07 mg/L respectively. Total dissolved solid showed increased in all sample analysed after storage as with other chemical element except that lead showed decreased with storage. Almost all the parameters analysed had concentrations within the SON/WHO Standards except pH with samples: B1W (6.11±0.07), B2W (6.19±0.01), B10M (6.45±0.35), S2W (6.45±0.07), S7W (5.70±0.14), S9W (5.80±4.10) and S10W (5.30±0.00) which were slightly acidic and below the 6.5 minimum standards. There was also growth of Coliform Count of 0.001±0.00 after 3 months of storages in two bottled water (B5M and B6M). The study concluded that storage of potable water for 3 months should changes in the physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters and the intrusion of heavy metal such as Pb in some potable water portray a great deal of harm to consumer when consumed.Keywords: Bacteriological Parameters, Bottled water, Coliform Count, Lead, Storage, Sachet wate

Maternal and neonatal outcomes after caesarean delivery in the African Surgical Outcomes Study: a 7-day prospective observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Maternal and neonatal mortality is high in Africa, but few large, prospective studies have been done to investigate the risk factors associated with these poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS: A 7-day, international, prospective, observational cohort study was done in patients having caesarean delivery in 183 hospitals across 22 countries in Africa. The inclusion criteria were all consecutive patients (aged ≥18 years) admitted to participating centres having elective and non-elective caesarean delivery during the 7-day study cohort period. To ensure a representative sample, each hospital had to provide data for 90% of the eligible patients during the recruitment week. The primary outcome was in-hospital maternal mortality and complications, which were assessed by local investigators. The study was registered on the South African National Health Research Database, number KZ_2015RP7_22, and on ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03044899. FINDINGS: Between February, 2016, and May, 2016, 3792 patients were recruited from hospitals across Africa. 3685 were included in the postoperative complications analysis (107 missing data) and 3684 were included in the maternal mortality analysis (108 missing data). These hospitals had a combined number of specialist surgeons, obstetricians, and anaesthetists totalling 0·7 per 100 000 population (IQR 0·2-2·0). Maternal mortality was 20 (0·5%) of 3684 patients (95% CI 0·3-0·8). Complications occurred in 633 (17·4%) of 3636 mothers (16·2-18·6), which were predominantly severe intraoperative and postoperative bleeding (136 [3·8%] of 3612 mothers). Maternal mortality was independently associated with a preoperative presentation of placenta praevia, placental abruption, ruptured uterus, antepartum haemorrhage (odds ratio 4·47 [95% CI 1·46-13·65]), and perioperative severe obstetric haemorrhage (5·87 [1·99-17·34]) or anaesthesia complications (11·47 (1·20-109·20]). Neonatal mortality was 153 (4·4%) of 3506 infants (95% CI 3·7-5·0). INTERPRETATION: Maternal mortality after caesarean delivery in Africa is 50 times higher than that of high-income countries and is driven by peripartum haemorrhage and anaesthesia complications. Neonatal mortality is double the global average. Early identification and appropriate management of mothers at risk of peripartum haemorrhage might improve maternal and neonatal outcomes in Africa. FUNDING: Medical Research Council of South Africa.Medical Research Council of South Africa