The Light Triad Scale: Developing and Validating a Preliminary Measure of Prosocial Orientation

Most research on prosocial behaviour focuses on situational factors rather than individual differences. Empathy, compassion, and altruism are three constructs related to prosocial behaviour that also overlap theoretically. However, prosocial traits are rarely studied together, and measures of prosocial orientation are lacking. To address this gap, the Light Triad Scale (Light-3) was developed to assess individual differences in prosocial orientation. Three subscales with 12 items each, assessing empathy, compassion, and altruism, were created using existing measures of each construct. Items were selected according to theory and literature. The Light-3 was then administered to a sample of undergraduate psychology students at Western University (N = 451). To assess construct validity, participants also completed the Short Dark Triad (SD3; Jones & Paulhus, 2014), the Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP; Plouffe, Saklofske, & Smith, 2017), the Managing the Emotions of Others Scale – Very Short Form (MEOS-VSF; Austin, Saklofske, & Smith, Under Review), the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire – Short Form (TEIQue-SF; Petrides & Furnham, 2004), the Honesty-Humility scale of the HEXACO Personality Inventory (Lee & Ashton, 2004), and the Big Five Inventory – 10 Item scale (BFI-10; Rammstedt & John, 2007). First, the undiminensionality of each subscale was confirmed using exploratory factor analysis, and items with poor loadings were deleted. The sample was originally split for exploratory and confirmatory purposes; however, because good model fit could not be obtained in the second half of the sample regardless of the model attempted, the full sample was used for further analyses. Using Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling and Jackson’s Differential Reliability Index, items were deleted that loaded onto other subscales, had substantial negative loadings on other subscales, or had loadings greater than one. A final confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using the reduced 24-item Light-3. After three modifications, model fit was acceptable. Ultimately, the hypothesized hierarchical model with a higher-order Prosocial Orientation factor and three lower-order factors (Empathy, Compassion, Altruism) was supported. Overall, as a preliminary measure of prosocial orientation, the Light-3 demonstrates adequate factor structure and good support for the construct. Future studies should further refine the scale by writing items that specifically target and confirm the factor structure identified in the current study

The Pathway to Enterprise Mobile Readiness: Analysis of Perceptions, Pressures, Preparedness, and Progression

Ubiquitous computing is becoming a reality around us through the combination of personal mobile device proliferation and pervasive computing technologies. The objective of this qualitative research in progress is to understand challenges organizations face from the evolutionary nature of mobile computing and uncover how they “get ready” to meet the mobile needs of their stakeholders. Grounded in evolutionary theory, the current research explores perceptions of mobile computing, and the pressures, preparations, and progression of enterprise mobile readiness (EMR) in the context of higher education. Preliminary findings show that decoupled structure and resistance by gatekeepers are key challenges to EMR. Additionally, IS providers have given little thought about how to benchmark their EMR efforts. This research contributes to the extant literature and helps fill an important gap in mobile research at the organizational level

Introduction to Knowledge Flows, Transfer, Sharing and Exchange Minitrack

N/

In search of the “prosocial personality”: Disentangling empathy, compassion, and altruism

Background: Although considerable research has examined situational factors inprosocial behaviour,prosocial traitsare poorly defined. The same labelsare appliedto different constructs, and different labels are applied to the same construct (e.g., “empathy,” “sympathy,” “compassion”).Furthermore, trait altruism lacks both a solid theoretical definition and adequate measures. The goal of this study is to semantically and statistically distinguish betweenprosocial constructs by developing a personality scale assessingprosocial tendencies. Method: A review of literature, drawing from various domains, revealed three constructs that may compriseprosocial personality: empathy (recognizing, understanding, and sharing in others’ emotions), compassion (expressing concern for others, seeking toalleviate their suffering), and altruism (selflessly giving/helping). Conceptual definitions of each construct guided item generation, and expert ratersevaluated these itemsprior to administration. The sample will be approximately 300 students. Planned Analyses: For construct validation, the scale will be compared with other measures of empathy, compassion, altruism,as well as measures of alexithymia, gratitude, and self-compassion. Exploratory factor analysis will examine the underlying factor structure of the items, anditems with poor psychometric properties will be discarded. Although itis expected that a three-factor structure will emerge,other factor solutions will be considered. The final scale will be approximately 30 items (10 per subscale). Conclusion: Besides disentangling these constructs, the scale will also provide theoretical contrast to the Dark Triad/Tetrad. Future studies will attempt to replicate the factor structure of the scale and examine whether empathy, compassion, and altruism differentially predictprosocial behaviour

Putting the \u27A\u27 in Prosocial: Development and Validation of a Measure of Trait Altruism

Trait altruism reflects the tendency to perform behaviours with the goal of improving another’s welfare. Altruism is commonly measured using scales that assess how frequently the test-taker has performed specific prosocial actions. However, these scales assume that these behaviours are altruistically motivated and fail to consider what is known in the literature about the attitudes, values, and emotions that characterize altruistic individuals. Accordingly, altruism research would benefit from a new scale that draws upon the large body of interdisciplinary research and follows current best practices in scale development, as summarized in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 presents a review of the altruism literature, identifying underlying elements of trait altruism, including behaviours. Chapter 3 summarizes the development and refinement of the preliminary item pool for the new Altruistic Tendencies Questionnaire (ATQ), which incorporated feedback from three expert raters. Chapter 4 reports a study testing the preliminary psychometric properties of the altruism items in university students and North American adults. Exploratory factor analysis supported a unidimensional factor structure, and correlations with theoretically related personality traits and prosocial COVID-19 behaviours provided evidence of convergent validity. Additionally, this study demonstrated that scores on the ATQ accounted for unique variance in predicting donation intention. Chapter 5 replicated the factor structure using confirmatory factor analysis and found a similar pattern of trait correlations in a sample of adults in the U.K. Using a variant of the Dictator Game, it also demonstrated that the ATQ could predict generosity towards a charity. Finally, the study in Chapter 6 found that scores on the ATQ differed significantly between students enrolled in academic majors where one would expect to see differences on altruism (i.e., known-groups validity). This study also broadened the ATQ’s nomological network through additional correlational relationships with different personality traits than previously administered. Together, these studies provide preliminary evidence of construct validity for the ATQ, which can be used to advance the study of the altruistic personality and prosocial tendencies

Generalized Complex Spherical Harmonics, Frame Functions, and Gleason Theorem

Consider a finite dimensional complex Hilbert space \cH, with dim(\cH) \geq 3, define \bS(\cH):= \{x\in \cH \:|\: ||x||=1\}, and let \nu_\cH be the unique regular Borel positive measure invariant under the action of the unitary operators in \cH, with \nu_\cH(\bS(\cH))=1. We prove that if a complex frame function f : \bS(\cH)\to \bC satisfies f \in \cL^2(\bS(\cH), \nu_\cH), then it verifies Gleason's statement: There is a unique linear operator A: \cH \to \cH such that $f(u) =$ for every u \in \bS(\cH). $A$ is Hermitean when $f$ is real. No boundedness requirement is thus assumed on $f$ {\em a priori}.Comment: 9 pages, Accepted for publication in Ann. H. Poincar\'

Relativistic many-body calculations of electric-dipole matrix elements, lifetimes and polarizabilities in rubidium

Electric-dipole matrix elements for ns-n'p, nd-n'p, and 6d-4f transitions in Rb are calculated using a relativistic all-order method. A third-order calculation is also carried out for these matrix elements to evaluate the importance of the high-order many-body perturbation theory contributions. The all-order matrix elements are used to evaluate lifetimes of ns and np levels with n=6, 7, 8 and nd levels with n=4, 5, 6 for comparison with experiment and to provide benchmark values for these lifetimes. The dynamic polarizabilities are calculated for ns states of rubidium. The resulting lifetime and polarizability values are compared with available theory and experiment.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure

Integrated ultra-thin-film gas sensors

The fabrication and performance of an ultra-thin-film integrated gas sensor for detecting impurities in semiconductor process gases are described. Detector reponses are based on gas-induced resistance changes in an ultra-thin Ti-P film mounted on a thin dielectric window supported by a silicon rim. The window temperature can be shifted several hundred degrees Celsius in less than one second. Gas-induced resistance changes are composed of thermal and Chemical components. The gas concentration and its thermal conductivity determine the thermal contribution, whereas the chemical interactions between the gas and the sensor surface create a superimposed change of resistance, which can be observed when the detector is operated at constant temperature. Pretreament of the as-deposited Ti-Pt thin films under controlled environmental conditions allows tailoring of the electrical, sensing, and microstructural characteristics of the films. One such pretreatment scheme allows the creation of films that, when operated at 150 [deg]C, respond chemically to O2 from 1000 torr down to the 10-7 torr level without any evidence of hysteresis or long-term drift over hundreds of cycles of temperature and gas. There is no chemical response to CF4, which allows detection of sub-ppm levels of O2 in CF4. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of O2 is shown to be a control requirement for dynamic sensing.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/31592/1/0000521.pd