Melhoria de eficiência de uma linha de montagem de aerossóis

Atualmente, os clientes são cada vez mais exigentes em termos de qualidade e tempo de entrega dos seus produtos. A complexidade do mercado e a concorrência entre empresas obriga as organizações a definir estratégias diferenciadoras. Neste sentido, o modelo de melhoria continua da Colep tem como principal objetivo criar uma cultura na empresa que permita responder a estes desafios. É, portanto, necessário um ambiente de constante adaptação e uma mentalidade de melhoria continua, onde o foco é a excelência operacional. Para tal é necessário produzir “bem à primeira”, reduzir o desperdício e com máxima segurança. O presente projeto procurou a melhoria de eficiência de uma linha de montagem de aerossóis, através da aplicação de ferramentas e técnicas Lean. Uma das principais ferramentas Lean utilizadas neste projeto foi o SMED (Single Minute Exchange of Die), e consequentemente, os 5S, standard work e ciclo PDCA. Esta metodologia tem como grande foco a eliminação/redução dos desperdícios e a melhora da eficiência dos processos. A chave para o sucesso destas ferramentas são as pessoas, motivo pelo qual se torna fundamental o envolvimento de todos, de forma a possibilitar a mudança dos hábitos e consequentemente, a cultura das equipas. Foi também criado um Poka-Yoke, sistema anti erro, que eliminou os encravamentos constantes que surgiam na linha de produção. Para monitorizar todo este projeto foi criado um A3, onde o grande foco de análise foi sempre o indicador de OEE e o tempo de setup. Os objetivos foram cumpridos e os resultados comprovam ainda, que, as ferramentas Lean são uma metodologia a seguir. Foram obtidos elevados ganhos de produtividade sem investimentos muito avultados.Nowadays, the clients are more rigorous about quality and lead time of the products. The market complexity and the competition between companies forces the organizations to think outside the box. Thus, Colep has a major goal to create a corporate culture that allows to respond to those challenges. So, it’s necessary to create an adaptive environment and continuous improvement mentality where the focus is the operative excellence. For such purpose is necessary to produce “well at first”, reduce the waste and with maximum safety. The present project seeks for the improvement of the efficiency of an aerosol assembly line, through the application of Lean tools and techniques. One of the main Lean tools used in this project was the SMED (Single Minute Exchange of Die), therefore, the 5S, standard work and PDCA cycle. This methodology has a great focus in elimination/reduction waste and improving the process efficiency. The key to success of these tools are the people, the participation of everyone is the most important to make possible the change of the habits and consequently, the culture of the team. It was also created a Poka-Yoke, an anti-mistake system, that eliminated constant breakdowns in the production line. To follow up the project was created an A3, where the major focus of analysis was always the OEE and Setup time, The goals were accomplished, and the results shows, the Lean tools are a methodology to follow. There was a productivity increment with low investment

Ultrastructural and biochemical changes of the medial pterygoid muscle induced by unilateral exodontia

The aim of the present study was to investigate the histological, biochemical and ultrastructural effects of occlusal alteration induced by unilateral exodontia on medial pterygoid muscle in guinea pigs, Cavia porcellus. Thirty (n = 30) male guinea pigs (450 g) were divided into two groups: experimental-animals submitted to exodontia of the left upper molars, and sham-operated were used as control. the duration of the experimental period was 60 days. Medial pterygoid muscles from ipsilateral and contralateral side were analyzed by histological (n = 10), histochernical (n = 10), and ultrastructural (n = 10) methods. the data were submitted to statistical analysis. When the ipsilateral side was compared to the control group, it showed a significantly shorter neuromuscular spindle length (P 0.05). in the contralateral side, the neuromuscular spindles showed significantly shorter length (P < 0.05), the fibers reflected a higher oxidative capacity, the blood capillaries showed endothelial cell emitting slender sprouting along the pre-existing capillary, and significantly higher blood capillary surface density, and volume density (V-v = 89% Mann-Whitney test, P < 0.05). This finding indicated a complex morphological and functional medial pterygoid muscle adaptation to occlusal alteration in this experimental model. Considering that neuromuscular spindles are responsible for the control of mandibular positioning and movements, the professional should consider if these changes interfere in the success of clinical procedures in medical field involving stomatognathic structures. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Univ São Paulo, Fac Dent, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Fac Med, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Inst Biomed Sci, São Paulo, BrazilUniv State Rio de Janeiro UERJ, Biomed Ctr, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Fac Med, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Effects of Cobalt Chloride in Junctional Epithelium and Reduced Enamel Epithelium of the Rat Maxillary First Molar

Cobalt is one of the main components of cast metal alloys broadly used in dentistry. It is the constituent of 45 to 70% of numerous prosthetic works. There are evidences that metal elements cause systemic and local toxicity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of cobalt on the junctional epithelium and reduced enamel epithelium of the first superior molar in rats, during lactation. To do this, 1-day old rats were used, whose mothers received 300mg of cobalt chloride per liter of distilled water in the drinker, during lactation. After 21 days, the rat pups were killed with an anesthetic overdose. The heads were separated, fixed in ""alfac"", decalcified and embedded in paraffin. Frontal sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin were employed. Karyometric methods allowed to estimate the following parameters: biggest, smallest and mean diameters, D/d ratio, perimeter, area, volume, volume/area ratio, eccentricity, form coefficient and contour index. Stereologic methods allow to evaluate: cytoplasm/nucleus ratio, cell and cytoplasm volume, cell number density, external surface/basal membrane ratio, thickness of the epithelial layers and surface density. All the collected data were subjected to statistic analysis by the non-parametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. The nuclei of the studied tissues showed smaller values after karyometry for: diameters; perimeter, area, volume and volume/area ratio. Stereologically, it was observed, in the junctional epithelium and in the reduced enamel epithelium, smaller cells with scarce cytoplasm, reflected in the greater number of cells per mm3 of tissue. In this study, cobalt caused epithelial atrophy, indicating a direct action on the junctional and enamel epithelium

Low-Level Laser Intensity Application in Masseter Muscle for Treatment Purposes

Objective: This study evaluated with histochemical analysis how the number of laser applications can affect the masseter muscle. Background: In dentistry today, the laser is used in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), mainly for radiating pain in the masticatory muscles, whose origins may be associated with malocclusion, although the laser effects are not well understood on the cellular level. Materials and Methods: Thirty mice (HRS/J lineage) were randomly distributed into groups according to the number of laser applications (three, six, and 10). For each group of laser applications (experimental, n = 5), it was considered the control group (n = 5), which was not irradiated. All animals inhaled halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1, 1, 1-trifluoroethane, minimum 99%, Sigma Aldrich, India) before each laser irradiation performed on the left masseter muscle region, on alternate days with 20 J/cm(2), 40mW, for 20 sec. The muscle samples were collected for histochemical analysis with succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme 72 h after the last application. Results: (a) A decrease in area of light fibers type (35.91% +/- 6.9%; 32.08% +/- 6.3%, and 27.88% +/- 6.3%), according to the increase of laser applications (p < 0.05); (b) significant increase (p < 0.05) in the area of intermediate fibers, with an increase of laser application (11.08% +/- 3.9%; 16.52% +/- 5.7%, and 15.96% +/- 3.9%), although the increase with 10 applications was small; (c) area increase of dark fibers in the group with three laser applications (0.16% +/- 0.3%) (p < 0.05), and in groups with six and 10 laser applications, respectively (9.68% +/- 6.0% and 9.60% +/- 4.0%). Conclusions: The SDH enzyme activity revealed that the number of laser applications increases the metabolic pattern of the muscle fibers. A minimal difference in metabolic activity between six and 10 applications of a laser suggests that further analyses should be done to confirm that six applications are enough to produce the same clinical effects, thereby contributing data to professionals from different fields in regard to the cost-benefit ratio of this therapy.FAPES

Effects of Cadmium on the Rat Salivary Glands, During Lactation

Cadmium (Cd) in air, drinking water and food has the potential to affect the health of people, mainly those who live in highly industrialized regions. Cd affects placental function, can cross the placental barrier and directly modify fetal development. Once the organism is particularly susceptible to the exposition to the Cd during the perinatal period, and that this metal can be excreted in the milk, the aim of the present work was to study the effects of the constant exposition to drinkable water containing low levels of Cd during the lactation, on the salivary glands of the rat. Female rats received ad libitum drinking water containing 300mg/l of CdCl2 throughout the whole lactation. Control animals received a similar volume of water without Cd. Lactant rats (21 day old) were killed by lethal dose of anesthetic. The salivary glands were separated, fixed in ""alfac"" solution for 24 h, and serially sectioned. The 6 mu m thick sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Nuclear glandular parameters were estimated, as well as cytoplasm and cell volume, nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, number and surface density, diameters and cell thickness. Mean body weight was 34.86 g for the control group and 18.56 g for the Cd-treated group. Histologically, the glandular acini were significantly smaller, the gland ducts were similar in both groups studied. The connective tissue was more abundant. In conclusion, the salivary glands (submandibular, parotid and sublingual) showed retarded growth after Cd intoxication

Qualitative study of young, adult, and aged wistar rats temporomandibular synovial membrane employing light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy

The aim of this study was to analyze the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) synovial membrane at different ages using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Under light microscopic analysis, the TMJ structures were observed such as condyle, capsule, disk, the synovial membrane collagen type, and cells distribution. In the scanning electron microscopy, the synovial membrane surface exhibited a smooth aspect in young animals and there was an increase with ageing in the number of folds. The transmission electron microscopic analysis showed more synoviocytes in the synovial layer in the young group and still a great number of vesicles and cisterns dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the aged group. In the three groups, a dense layer of collagen fibers in the synovial layer and cytoplasmic extensions were clearly seen. It was possible to conclude that synovial membrane structures in aged group showed alterations contributing to the decrease in joint lubrication and in the sliding between disk and joint surfaces. These characteristic will reflect in biomechanics of chewing, and may cause the TMJ disorders, currently observed in clinical processes. Microsc. Res. Tech. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Morphometric, quantitative, and three-dimensional analysis of the heart muscle fibers of old rats: Transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy methods

This research investigated the morphological, morphometric, and ultrastructural cardiomyocyte characteristics of male Wistar rats at 18 months of age. the animals were euthanized using an overdose of anesthesia (ketamine and xylazine, 150/10 mg/kg) and perfused transcardially, after which samples were collected for light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. the results showed that cardiomyocyte arrangement was disposed parallel between the mitochondria and the A-, I-, and H-bands and their M- and Z-lines from the sarcomere. the sarcomere junction areas had intercalated disks, a specific structure of heart muscle. the ultrastructural analysis revealed several mitochondria of various sizes and shapes intermingled between the blood capillaries and their endothelial cells; some red cells inside vessels are noted. the muscle cell sarcolemma could be observed associated with the described structures. the cardiomyocytes of old rats presented an average sarcomere length of 2.071 +/- 0.09 mu m, a mitochondrial volume density (Vv) of 0.3383, a mitochondrial average area of 0.537 +/- 0.278 mu m2, a mitochondrial average length of 1.024 +/- 0.352 mu m, an average mitochondrial cristae thickness of 0.038 +/- 0.09 mu m and a ratio of mitochondrial greater length/lesser length of 1.929 +/- 0.965. of the observed mitochondrial shapes, 23.4% were rounded, 45.3% were elongated, and 31.1% had irregular profiles. in this study, we analyzed the morphology and morphometry of cardiomyocytes in old rats, focusing on mitochondria. These data are important for researchers who focus the changes in cardiac tissue, especially changes owing to pathologies and drug administration that may or may not be correlated with aging. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2013. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)The Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka UniversityUniv São Paulo, Dept Surg, Fac Vet Med & Anim Sci, BR-05508900 São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Dept Anat, Inst Biomed Sci, BR-05508900 São Paulo, BrazilFed Univ Para, Inst Biol Sci, Lab Invest Neurodegenerat & Infect, Univ Hosp Joao de Barros Barreto, BR-66059 Belem, Para, BrazilFukuoka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat, Fukuoka 81401, JapanUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Morphol & Genet, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Fac Dent, Dept Morphol Stomatol & Physiol, BR-14049 Ribeirao Preto, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Morphol & Genet, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc