Development and validation of the Human Activity Profile into Chinese language: Lessons in determining equivalence

The Human Activity Profile (HAP), and associated Dyspnea Scale, is a self-report instrument for assessing levels of human activity. Although it has been used in studies examining the levels of activity in people, it is limited to people who are only able to understand English. However, many countries are multicultural with significant numbers of people whose native language is not English. This study sought to demonstrate the equivalence between the Chinese and English versions of the HAP and Dyspnea scales.Thirty-five bilingual university students completed both the Chinese and English versions of each questionnaire. There was 89% and 85% agreement between items across the HAP and Dyspnea Scale questionnaires, respectively. Although the psychometric evaluations suggested there was equivalence between the Chinese and English versions of both the HAP and Dyspnea Scale, lessons have been learnt regarding the different written forms of Chinese. © 2006 The Authors Journal Compilation © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.C

When is brand orientation a useful strategic posture?

This study examines the extent to which the effect of brand orientation on sales performance is contingent upon levels of transformational leadership and inter-functional collaboration. Using primary data from 108 subsidiaries of multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in the Commonwealth Caribbean region, the study finds that brand orientation is not directly related to sales performance. However, findings show that brand orientation is positively related to sales performance when levels of both transformational leadership and inter-functional collaboration are high. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed while drawing lessons for MNE subsidiary brand management practice