Methyl methacrylate and respiratory sensitization: A Critical review

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a respiratory irritant and dermal sensitizer that has been associated with occupational asthma in a small number of case reports. Those reports have raised concern that it might be a respiratory sensitizer. To better understand that possibility, we reviewed the in silico, in chemico, in vitro, and in vivo toxicology literature, and also epidemiologic and occupational medicine reports related to the respiratory effects of MMA. Numerous in silico and in chemico studies indicate that MMA is unlikely to be a respiratory sensitizer. The few in vitro studies suggest that MMA has generally weak effects. In vivo studies have documented contact skin sensitization, nonspecific cytotoxicity, and weakly positive responses on local lymph node assay; guinea pig and mouse inhalation sensitization tests have not been performed. Cohort and cross-sectional worker studies reported irritation of eyes, nose, and upper respiratory tract associated with short-term peaks exposures, but little evidence for respiratory sensitization or asthma. Nineteen case reports described asthma, laryngitis, or hypersensitivity pneumonitis in MMA-exposed workers; however, exposures were either not well described or involved mixtures containing more reactive respiratory sensitizers and irritants.The weight of evidence, both experimental and observational, argues that MMA is not a respiratory sensitizer

Marine influence in the Barreiras Formation, State of Alagoas, northeastern Brazil

Tidal processes were important for deposition of the Barreiras Formation located in northern Brazil, while correlatable deposits in northeastern Brazil have been traditionally related to continental environments. Facies analysis in southern Alagoas revealed that the Barreiras Formation consists of cross-stratified conglomerates and sandstones (facies Sx and Cgx), compound cross-stratified sandstones (facies Cx), and heterolithic beddings (facies H). A significant portion of these deposits occurs within channel morphologies displaying fining and thinning upward successions. An abundance of sedimentary features is comparable to those from the northern Brazilian counterpart. These include: tidal bundles; herringbone cross-stratification; heterolithic beddings with sandstone and mudstone beds in sharp contacts; and ichnofossils mostly consisting of Ophiomorpha nodosa, Skolithos and Planolites. Altogether, these features point to a marginal marine depositional setting dominated by tidal processes, which are related to an estuarine system, an interpretation also provided for the Barreiras Formation in northern Brazil. The widespread occurrence of deposits with unambiguous evidence of tidal processes in the Barreiras Formation of northern Brazil, and now in the State of Alagoas, leads to argue that the early/middle Miocene worldwide marine transgression might have left a much more widespread sedimentary record along the Brazilian coast than currently regarded.<br>Processos de maré foram importantes na deposição da Formação Barreiras localizada no norte do Brasil, enquanto depósitos correlatos do nordeste brasileiro têm sido tradicionalmente relacionados a ambientes continentais. Análise de fácies no sul de Alagoas revelou que a Formação Barreiras consiste em conglomerados e arenitos com estratificações cruzadas (facies Sx e Cgx), arenitos com estratificação cruzada composta (facies Cx), e acamamentos heterolíticos (facies H). Uma porção significativa desses depósitos ocorre inserida em morfologias de canal, internamente contendo sucessões de granocrescência e adelgaçamento ascendentes. A abundância de feições sedi-mentares é comparável àquelas documentadas em depósitos correlatos do norte do Brasil. Estas incluem: bandamentos de maré; estratificações cruzadas espinha-de-peixe; acamamen-tos heterolíticos contendo camadas de arenitos e argilitos em contato brusco; e icnofósseis consistindo principalmente em Ophiomorpha nodosa, Skolithos e Planolites. Estas feições apontam para ambiente deposicional marinho marginal dominado por processos de maré, possivelmente relacionado a sistema estuarino. Esta interpretação é similar à atribuída para a Formação Barreiras no norte do Brasil. A ampla ocorrência de depósitos contendo evidência inequívoca de processos de maré na Formação Barreiras no norte do Brasil, e agora também no Estado de Alagoas, leva a propor que o período de transgressão marinha registrada globalmente no eo/meso Mioceno pode ter deixado um registro sedimentar muito mais amplo ao longo da costa brasileira do que até então considerado