11 research outputs found
Die Entropieabnahme bei Abhängigkeit zwischen mehreren simultanen Informationsquellen und bei Übergang zu Markoff-Ketten höherer Ordnung, untersucht an musikalischen Beispielen
Developmental origins of disease paradigm: a mechanistic and evolutionary perspective
Fetal growth is determined by the interaction between the environment and the fetal genome. The fetal environment, in turn, is determined by the maternal environment and by maternal and placental physiology. There is evidence that the interaction between the fetal environment and genome can determine the risk of postnatal disease, as well as the individual’s capacity to cope with the postnatal environment. Furthermore, the role of various forms of maternal constraint of fetal growth in determining the persistence of these responses is reviewed. A limited number of biologic processes can contribute to the mechanistic basis of these phenomena. In addition to immediate homeostatic responses, the developing organism may make predictive adaptive responses of no immediate advantage but with long-term consequences. An evolutionary perspective is provided, as well as a review of possible biologic processes. The "developmental origins of disease" paradigm is a reflection of the persistence of such mechanisms in humans who now live in very different environments from those within which they evolved. The developmental origins paradigm and its underlying mechanistic and evolutionary basis have major implications for addressing the increasing burden of metabolic and cardiovascular disease
ExercĂcio fĂsico, receptores β-adrenĂ©rgicos e resposta vascular Physical exercise, β-adrenergic receptors, and vascular response
O exercĂcio aerĂłbio promove efeitos benĂ©ficos na prevenção e tratamento de doenças como hipertensĂŁo arterial, aterosclerose, insuficiĂŞncia venosa e doença arterial perifĂ©rica. Os receptores β-adrenĂ©rgicos estĂŁo presentes em várias cĂ©lulas. No sistema cardiovascular, promovem inotropismo e cronotropismo positivo cardĂaco e relaxamento vascular. Embora os efeitos do exercĂcio tenham sido investigados em receptores cardĂacos, estudos focados nos vasos sĂŁo escassos e controversos. Esta revisĂŁo abordará os efeitos do exercĂcio fĂsico sobre os receptores β-adrenĂ©rgicos vasculares em modelos animais e humanos e os mecanismos celulares envolvidos na resposta relaxante. Em geral, os estudos mostram resultantes conflitantes, onde observam diminuição, aumento ou nenhum efeito do exercĂcio fĂsico sobre a resposta relaxante. Assim, os efeitos do exercĂcio na sensibilidade β-adrenĂ©rgica vascular merecem maior atenção, e os resultados mostram que a área de fisiopatologia vascular Ă© um campo aberto para a descoberta de novos compostos e avanços na prática clĂnica.<br>Aerobic exercise promotes beneficial effects on the prevention and treatment of diseases such as arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, venous insufficiency, and peripheral arterial disease. β-adrenergic receptors are present in a variety of cells. In the cardiovascular system, β-adrenergic receptors promote positive inotropic and chronotropic response and vasorelaxation. Although the effect of exercise training has been largely studied in the cardiac tissue, studies focused on the vascular tissue are rare and controversial. This review examines the data from studies using animal and human models to determine the effect of physical exercise on the relaxing response mediated by β-adrenergic receptors as well as the cellular mechanisms involved in this response. Studies have shown reduction, increase, or no effect of physical exercise on the relaxing response mediated by β-adrenergic receptors. Thus, the effects of exercise on the vascular β-adrenergic sensitivity should be more deeply investigated. Furthermore, the physiopathology of the vascular system is an open field for the discovery of new compounds and advances in the clinical practice